How to Cope With Difficulty Swallowing

Difficulty swallowing (medically termed dysphagia), can occur in both children and adults. Diana N. Kirke, MD, MPhil, Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and a laryngologist/head and neck surgeon at The Grabscheid Voice and Swallowing Center, explains the condition and answers some of the most frequently asked questions.

What are the symptoms of dysphagia and what causes the condition?

People suffering from dysphagia may experience symptoms such as gagging or choking, excessive throat clearing, food or liquid “going down the wrong way,” increased eating time, unexplained weight loss, coughing during or after eating/drinking, and/or painful swallowing.

Various medical issues can lead to this condition. However, dysphagia is more common in the elderly and in those with neurological conditions such as stroke, brain injury, and dementia.

When should I see a health care provider about difficulty swallowing?

Acute dysphagia, in which symptoms persist for 24 hours, requires immediate evaluation in the emergency room, as it may be related to food impaction or an ingested foreign body. Symptoms of difficulty swallowing that are present for more than 10 days should be assessed in an outpatient office setting.

What can I expect during my office visit?

Your physician will perform a complete head and neck examination to assess your upper aerodigestive system, which includes the mouth, throat, and windpipe. A fiber-optic nasal endoscopy may also be conducted. Using a topical anesthetic, a fiber-optic endoscope will be passed through your nostril to examine the nasal cavity and throat. This procedure generally does not last longer than one minute. An assessment by a speech therapist will also be undertaken either at the same visit or at a later visit. The speech therapist will assist in gathering diagnostic information regarding the swallow and may provide swallow therapy techniques in order to overcome swallowing difficulty.

Will I need further evaluations?

Depending on your initial assessment, the physician and the speech therapist may perform the following in-office or out-of-office swallow evaluations:

  • Using local anesthetic, a transnasal esophagoscopy may be performed to view the esophagus. During the procedure, a small camera is passed through the nostril.
  • To view the throat before and after drinking, a static endoscopic evaluation of swallow (SEES) may be performed. During this procedure, a rigid camera is passed into the mouth for observation. SEES can also be used to assess vocal cord vibration.
  • Speaking and swallowing tasks may be examined during a flexible endoscopic examination of swallow which is performed using a fiber-optic endoscope.
  • To assess the functionality of all phases of swallowing, a modified barium swallow may be performed. During this fluoroscopic X-ray exam, you will ingest barium-containing liquids and coated food. The procedure will also assess whether any food or liquid is entering into the lungs.

What is swallowing therapy?

Following a complete assessment by your treating physician and speech therapist, you may be prescribed swallowing therapy. This may entail dietary modifications and/or exercises that aim to coordinate and strengthen the swallowing muscles. Generally a treatment plan is prescribed and you will be reassessed again at a later date.

Will I need surgery?

It depends. Some cases of swallowing dysfunction, such as Zenker’s diverticulum, may be amenable to an in-office or surgical procedure. In other cases, an aesthetic neurotoxin like Botox® can be injected in the office to weaken the swallowing muscles and allow food to pass more easily. Botox is used to treat dysphagia-causing conditions such as cricopharyngeal spasm—in which throat muscles spasm uncontrollably— or esophageal web—in which thin membranes occur along the esophagus.

Should I wait to see if my swallowing problem resolves?

No. All dysphagia complaints should be assessed and you should see a doctor immediately if your symptoms are affecting your ability to consume food and drink. If you are able to eat and drink normally, you can observe your symptoms at home for up to 10 days before seeing a physician.

Diana N. Kirke, MD, MPhil

Diana N. Kirke, MD, MPhil

is an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon at Mount Sinai Doctors, 5 East 98th Street, and laryngologist at The Grabscheid Voice and Swallowing Center of Mount Sinai. Dr. Kirke cares for patients with voice, airway and swallowing disorders, head and neck cancers and general ear, nose and throat diseases.

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$4 Million Grant for Study of Sickle Cell Treatment

Jeffrey Glassberg, MD, left, administered a lung-function test to Eric Gay, a participant in the clinical trial.

An inhaled treatment that might improve lung function— and reduce the painful symptoms—of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is being studied in a clinical trial funded by a $4 million grant from the National Institutes of Health awarded to researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

“Inhaled corticosteroids, a well-established treatment for asthma, offer a creative new approach to treating sickle cell disease, with the potential to dramatically improve patient outcomes,” says Jeffrey Glassberg, MD, principal investigator of the study, and Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, and Medicine (Hematology and Medical Oncology). SCD affects about 100,000 people in the United States and is more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics.

he inherited disease is caused by a mutation in hemoglobin, a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. In SCD, abnormal hemoglobin forms long rods and distorts red blood cells into a sickle shape. The repeated damage to red cells causes the blood to become inflamed and sticky, causing pain, infections, stroke, and potentially, early death. The only organs in the body that can reverse sickling are the lungs, but they are highly inflamed in SCD. That is why researchers have proposed using inhaled steroids as a treatment.

“We hypothesize that if patients take an asthma medicine that reduces inflammation in the lungs, it might improve their ability to put oxygen into their blood and make their sickle cell better,” says Dr. Glassberg, Director of the Comprehensive Program for Sickle Cell Disease at the Icahn School of Medicine. The phase II trial—Inhaled Mometasone to Promote Reduction in Vaso-occlusive Event (IMPROVE 2)—is seeking to recruit 80 patients who have sickle cell disease but do not have asthma. They will be randomized, with one group receiving a placebo and the other receiving an inhaled treatment of the steroid mometasone furoate once a day for 48 weeks. The dose will be low, 220 micrograms, to avoid side effects associated with steroids, such as weight gain or bone disorders.

The primary outcome studied will be the level of a biomarker called soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM). “This is something that you measure in the blood, and it correlates very well with how bad somebody’s sickle cell disease is at the time,” says Dr. Glassberg. “The sVCAM level goes up when they are sick, and it goes back down when they get better.” Patients will also keep a daily diary of their pain and quality of life, and return regularly for tests of lung function.

A prior study, IMPROVE 1, established the feasibility of the current trial, with results published in March 2017 in the American Journal of Hematology. It involved 52 patients, who took the inhaled treatment for 16 weeks. Sickle cell symptoms tend to be seasonal, with some patients reporting more pain in colder months, so Dr. Glassberg says the longer IMPROVE 2 study will provide a broader understanding of the treatment. His group is seeking to enroll 20 people a year and to complete the study in June 2023.

Dr. Glassberg sees a future role for inhaled steroids as part of a drug “cocktail,” along with drugs like hydroxyurea that interfere with sickling. A low-dose inhaled steroid treatment would work in concert with these drugs, improving the flow of oxygenated blood. “This is especially appealing because inhaled steroids are inexpensive, widely available, and do not require sophisticated equipment, so they can be used anywhere in the world,” Dr. Glassberg says. “I think this treatment has the potential for a big health impact.”

For information about enrollment in the clinical trial, call 212-241-3650.

Explaining Jeuveau: The New Injectable Aiming to Make You Look Younger

On February 1, 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Jeuveau™ (prabotulinumtoxinA-xvfs) for the treatment of glabellar lines. Known as frown lines or the “11,” these lines can be found between the eyebrows and are a common complaint of many patients. Jeuveau™ is the first aesthetic neurotoxin to be approved by the FDA in almost 10 years, joining commonly used injectables like Botox®, Dysport®, and Xeomin®. Joshua Rosenberg, MD, Chief of the Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Mount Sinai’s Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, explains the new drug, how it works, and compares the drug to its popular competitors.

What exactly is Jeuveau?

Very similar to the ubiquitous Botox, Jeuveau is a purified botulinum toxin type A complex. It is an aesthetic neurotoxin which produces results by paralyzing the muscle. Although the effect sounds scary, these injectable medications are completely safe when administered professionally.

How do neurotoxins reduce lines and wrinkles?

Repetitive movements are responsible for many of the lines and wrinkles that form as we age, especially horizontal forehead lines and crow’s feet. Cosmetically speaking, all neurotoxins do the same thing: relax muscles involved in facial expression. Through their ability to relax our underlying facial muscles, Botox, Dysport, Xeomin, and now Jeuveau are great tools to prevent these lines from forming or soften lines that are already there to give you a younger, more refreshed look.

What is the difference between the available injectables?

Although they are distinct formulations of botulinum toxin type A, there are few practical differences between Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin for the average patient. They all produce temporary results that last between three and six months, require similar injection techniques, and have similar prices. For many patients, the product decision is made by a dermatologist or facial plastic surgeon.

So, why is the industry so excited by this new drug?

The excitement centers not only on its “new kid” status but also its potentially lower price. Unlike Botox, which can also be used to treat non-aesthetic conditions, Jeuveau has only been approved for cosmetic use. Due to this, the drug is expected to be 25-30 percent cheaper than its competitors. I have yet to meet a patient, especially a New York patient, who was not excited by getting a similar product for a better price.

When will patients be able to try this drug?

Jeuveau is available in offices. If you are interested in trying this new injectable, make an appointment with a Mount Sinai facial plastic surgeon.

Joshua Rosenberg, MD, is an Assistant Professor, Otolaryngology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Co-Chief of the Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Mount Sinai’s Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. A diplomate of the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the American Board of Otolaryngology, Dr. Rosenberg is an expert in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery and microvascular reconstruction.

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New Pathway to Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis Identified

Pércio S. Gulko, MD, center, with team members Teresina Laragione, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology), left, and Carolyn Harris, Senior Associate Researcher.

A new gene associated with disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been identified by researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. This finding could provide a new pathway for treatment and a way to measure the prognosis of patients diagnosed with this autoimmune condition.

Through a series of experiments, Pércio S. Gulko, MD, Chief of the Division of Rheumatology, and the Lillian and Henry M. Stratton Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology), and his colleagues showed that Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (HIP1) is a driver in inflammatory arthritis severity. The findings were published in July 2018 in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. “It is known that this gene is expressed in some cancers, but precisely how it contributed to cancer was not known, and it has never been implicated in inflammation or arthritis. So this new discovery, that it regulates cell invasion, is completely novel,” says Dr. Gulko, senior author of the paper.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease affecting more than 1.3 million Americans. The disease causes pain, swelling, and sometimes deformation of joints and affects about 1 percent of the world’s population. In the last 20 years, there have been major advances in the treatment of RA, but the existing treatments immunosuppress patients, increasing the risk for infections.

Dr. Gulko with images of synovial fibroblasts, cells in the joints that are central to his team’s study of rheumatoid arthritis.

“At my laboratory, we have been looking for alternative strategies,” Dr. Gulko says. “We have focused on understanding the regulation of disease severity and joint damage, and this led us to the synovial tissue and the fibroblasts.” These cells are present in all joints and produce the fluid that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage, but in patients with RA, they grow out of control, invading and destroying cartilage and bone.

Dr. Gulko’s team started with rodent models of arthritis, studying animals that were highly susceptible to RA and those that were resistant. Using a technique called positional cloning, the researchers identified gene variants that control arthritis severity and the behavior of the synovial fibroblasts, finding that HIP1 made the cells highly invasive. Next, the team studied synovial fibroblasts from patients with RA and found that HIP1 was strongly expressed in those cells.  To test the finding further, the team used a molecular biology technique to “knock down,” or remove, HIP1 from the cells of RA patients, and found that this significantly reduced the cells’ ability to invade.

The team unexpectedly found further evidence implicating HIP1 while  collaborating in a study of RA and epigenetics, the environmental influence on genetics. The study, which was published in May 2018 in Nature Communications, compared the synovial fibroblasts of patients with RA with those from patients with osteoarthritis, which is not considered an inflammatory disease. The researchers were looking for dysregulated genes and pathways that differentiated the two groups of patients.

“One key pathway found to be epigenomically dysregulated was the Huntington protein pathway, including HIP1,” Dr. Gulko says.

Going forward, Dr. Gulko has several goals: improving the understanding of how HIP1 regulates disease; finding a way to quantify HIP1 levels in the blood or synovial fluid cells with the aim of creating a predictor of disease prognosis; and developing a drug that would target the HIP1 gene. The ultimate goal is to achieve remission for RA patients.

“I treat many patients with rheumatoid arthritis,” Dr. Gulko says, “and all the work that we have done throughout my career has been centered on trying to bring a benefit to these patients.”

 

A New Waiting Room that Supports Men’s Health

The idea that men often take better care of their cars than their own health led to the recent opening of a sports-themed waiting room at the Milton and Carroll Petrie Department of Urology’s midtown office at 625 Madison Avenue. The special space was designed to serve as a refuge for male patients waiting for a doctor’s appointment or looking for
educational resources on prostate health or men’s health.

Amid the mounted football jerseys belonging to former Super Bowl winners and other framed sports memorabilia featured in the room, male patients can find information on medical services, holistic treatments, or emotional support when dealing with a critical prostate diagnosis.

Ash Tewari, MBBS, MCh, left, and Tom Milana Jr. celebrated the opening of the waiting room with a ribbon-cutting.

The new space was donated by Man Cave Health, Inc., a nonprofit led by philanthropist and Mount Sinai Health System patient Tom Milana Jr., a prostate cancer survivor who recognized the need to raise awareness about the disease and men’s health as he was recovering from his 2016 diagnosis.

At the official ribbon-cutting ceremony in January, Mr. Milana said, “This is a place where men can get educated, screened, and treated for prostate cancer in a welcoming environment. Our goal is to get more men to go to the doctor for their annual screening, which will lead to fewer prostate cancer deaths in this country.”

Mr. Milana’s physician at Mount Sinai, Ash Tewari, MBBS, MCh, the Kyung Hyun Kim, MD Chair in Urology, said, “Men avoid going to the doctor. I think this room makes a difference. They can come here and relax.”

The inspirational message, he added, is about winning at sports and winning the fight against cancer.

Teledermatology: Expanding Care Where Access is Limited

Shira Wieder, MD, logs in to our secure teledermatology website fora visit with a patient in Cooperstown, New York.

Diagnosing and treating patients from hundreds of miles away using online platforms is the basis of telemedicine, a new and fastgrowing trend. In dermatology, there are already numerous studies highlighting the value of teledermatology in delivering quality care to communities where dermatologists are scarce.

Herbert Goodheart, MD, oversaw the first teledermatology initiative at Elmhurst Hospital Center, a Mount Sinai Health System affiliate. This year, the Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology launched a formal teledermatology program directed by George Han, MD, PhD, at Mount Sinai Beth Israel. Under the supervision of Dr. Han, residents see patients remotely in real time at Bassett Medical Center in Cooperstown, New York.

Our doctors conduct online interviews and examinations, order tests, and prescribe medications, all from over a hundred miles away.

“Teledermatology allows us to help people in a way that other patients experience in Manhattan, where dermatologists are abundant,” says Shira Wieder, MD, a dermatology resident at Mount Sinai. “We have had the opportunity to help patients suffering from untreated psoriasis or atopic dermatitis their entire lives and have never been able to see a dermatologist. Patients are so appreciative of our help and seem to love the service, despite only getting to meet us over the computer.” Dr. Wieder said that some clinic nurses were initially skeptical about the teledermatology concept but now think it is a wonderful addition to their clinic. Ellen de Moll, MD, a dermatology resident, said she has also enjoyed her time on the rotation. “It has allowed me to help many patients with limited access and provide truly life-changing treatments for everything from acne to severe psoriasis to rare diseases, she says.” Dr. de Moll also noted some of the challenges of teledermatology, including the difficulty of obtaining clear images and the inability to touch and apply pressure to skin lesions.

Patient feedback has been very positive, with testimonials such as, “Less wait time to be seen by specialists” and “Getting care from physicians at a premier hospital.” Patients also appreciate the chance to see changes in their clinical photos and receive opinions from several physicians over the course of their care. Prior to teledermatology, the average wait time for a dermatology appointment for these patients in upstate New York was close to a year. Now they can consult with a Mount Sinai dermatologist within a couple of weeks, and sooner for urgent problems.

“Dermatology lends itself to telemedicine, given the uneven distribution of dermatologists in the U.S. and the visual nature of our field,” says Dr. de Moll.

Post authored by Mohammad-Ali Yazdani, MD, Dermatology Resident at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

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This article appeared in the latest edition of Skin Health, a newsletter from the Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

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