Brain Researcher Ian Maze Has Upended Scientific Dogma and Forged New Areas for Therapeutic Discovery

Ian Maze, PhD

For decades, scientific dogma held that the chemicals dopamine and serotonin served as messengers within the central nervous system, allowing brain cells, or neurons, to communicate with each other. Known as neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin also contribute to drug addiction and depression.

But neuroscientist Ian Maze, PhD, had a nagging suspicion there was more to their story, and when he established his lab at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in 2014, he began to build tools that would enable him to explore the full range of their power.

Today, his research has upended the scientific dogma about dopamine and serotonin, showing that in addition to their role as messengers, the chemicals are able to change the fundamental biology and behavior of brain cells.

His significant discovery opens new avenues for research into other neurotransmitters in the human body, including histamine and norepinephrine, and new possibilities for treating a range of diseases. These include post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and even breast cancer and gastrointestinal disorders, which can be associated with a large buildup of serotonin in the cells.

In September, Dr. Maze, Associate Professor of Neuroscience, and Pharmacological Sciences, at Icahn Mount Sinai, was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator (HHMI), a highly selective and prestigious award that will provide his lab with millions of dollars in funding and support for years to come.

“This is a tremendous honor,” says Dr. Maze, who received his doctoral degree at Mount Sinai under the mentorship of Eric J. Nestler, MD, PhD, Dean for Academic and Scientific Affairs, Director of The Friedman Brain Institute, and the Nash Family Professor of Neuroscience. “I received this award after running my lab for only seven years, so I feel pretty humbled to be in this position and to be able to tackle these high-risk high-reward types of projects.”

Recently, Icahn Mount Sinai launched the Center for Neural Epigenome Engineering, which will be led by Dr. Maze. The Center will investigate the mechanisms responsible for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric illnesses using chemical-biology and protein-engineering technologies and facilitate the development of more targeted neurotherapeutics.

“I think we need to put out the best data that we can and inspire people from all disciplines…I’m all about sharing our resources and tools to get people to help us move it forward. I want to see this grow and see what the implications are for improving human health.” — Ian Maze, PhD 

Training new scientists to think independently and follow their “gut” instinct is important to him. So is collaborating with other labs, which will help answer the many questions raised by his latest research.

Dr. Maze says his persistent investigation into dopamine, serotonin, and other monoamine neurotransmitters happened serendipitously, following a conversation he had with a former colleague, who mentioned a paper on the subject published a decade earlier that Dr. Maze had not seen.

That is when the “light bulbs went off,” he recalls. “So then it was an obsession. The initial years in the lab, the pursuit was so—you can’t describe it, it was so exciting. That’s how science goes. You build upon things that people have done and you put together connections that maybe other people weren’t putting together and then you test it.”

He believes his areas of expertise, in molecular neuroscience and chromatin biochemistry, provided him with a unique perspective from which he was able to view these chemicals from the inside out, and he integrated the latest biochemical approaches and techniques to analyze them in a way that had not been done before.

His lab extracts proteins from brain cells in animal models and postmortem tissues and examines how they are chemically modified or changed. By now, the team has characterized thousands of modified proteins using mass spectrometry and other approaches, and they continue to search for new protein modifications and how they affect brain cells.

“When scientists identify a new type of chemical modification they often characterize it on one or a handful of proteins, but think about all the proteins out there that could be modified, and they all have different functions and different outcomes depending on their regulation,” says Dr. Maze.

One of his goals is to build out large-scale genetic modeling systems that would allow him to organize and categorize all of these chemical modifications on proteins, something he says HHMI would also like to see. “Our challenge is trying to figure out how we tackle this in a more comprehensive way.”

Another avenue of research will be exploring specific categories of drugs that may also function by directly or indirectly modifying proteins in our cells. In a 2020 study on cocaine dependence in Science, Dr. Maze and his team showed that by manipulating these types of marks in the brain’s reward circuitry in animal models they could reduce the tendency to relapse into addiction.

Dr. Maze says the new Center for Neural Epigenome Engineering and his lab will “continue to work in the brain and collaborate with other neuroscientists to build out different disease and developmental models.” His lab will continue to focus on substance use disorder, depression and post-traumatic stress disorders and improving current treatments, which are ineffective for many people. But he hopes specialists in other areas of the body will join in this search, as well.

“I think we need to put out the best data that we can and inspire people from all disciplines,” he says. “I’m all about sharing our resources and tools to get people to help us move it forward. I want to see this grow and see what the implications are for improving human health.”

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Awards Endowed Professorships for 2021

Seventeen renowned faculty members at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have been honored with Mount Sinai’s 2021 endowed professorships for their dedication to excellence in research, education, and clinical care. They are:

 

Oren J. Becher, MD

Oren J. Becher, MD, Steven Ravitch Chair in Pediatric Hematology

Oren J. Becher, MD, is the Chief of the Jack Martin Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology at Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr. Becher is a physician-scientist focused on improving the standard of care for children with brain tumors, particularly diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma—or, DIPG—an incurable pediatric brain cancer. He joined Mount Sinai in 2021 from the Northwestern University School of Medicine where in addition to appointments in the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, he also maintained clinical responsibilities at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago.

By studying the function of the genetic alterations present in DIPG, Dr. Becher’s laboratory co-discovered the presence of somatic activating mutations in a gene not previously implicated in cancer, called ACVR1 or ALK2, in 25 percent of children with DIPG, and subsequently developed genetically engineered mouse models that recapitulate the genetic alterations of the human disease. Additionally, Dr. Becher’s laboratory has expanded efforts to develop models for other pediatric brain cancer subtypes, using these models to study the tumor microenvironment and to evaluate novel therapeutics that help prioritize clinical trials for children with DIPG.

Dr. Becher obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania and his medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He completed his pediatric residency at the Children’s National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. and fellowships in pediatric hematology-oncology and neuro-oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

Supinda Bunyavanich, MD, MPH, MPhil

Supinda Bunyavanich, MD, MPH, MPhil, Mount Sinai Professor in Allergy and Systems Biology

Bunyavanich, MD, MPH, MPhil is a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr. Bunyavanich is also a practicing allergist and immunologist and the Associate Director of the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute.

Dr. Bunyavanich’s research, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), combines tools in epidemiology, multi-omics, and systems biology to elucidate and understand the pathobiology of asthma and allergic diseases. Her research group works with human cohorts to identify risk factors, mechanisms, and potential therapies for these disorders using data science and integrative -omics approaches. Findings from her lab include the identification of a nasal biomarker of asthma by machine learning analyses of nasal transcriptome data, characterization of the airway and gut microbiomes in asthma and food allergy, and identification of master regulator genes of peanut allergy and asthma.

In addition to directing a research group at Mount Sinai, Dr. Bunyavanich provides patient care as a clinical allergist and immunologist, teaches medical and graduate students, and mentors pre- and post-doctoral trainees. She has mentored more than 70 trainees who have gone on to graduate and medical school and faculty positions. Dr. Bunyavanich is a frequent invited speaker at national and international meetings, and serves as a grant reviewer and on advisory groups for the NIH. Dr. Bunyavanich received the Harvard Medical School Shore Award for Scholars in Medicine and is recognized as a Castle Connelly Exceptional Woman in Medicine.

Dr. Bunyavanich earned her undergraduate degree from Harvard University, MD from Harvard Medical School, MPH from the Harvard School of Public Health, and MPhil from the University of Cambridge. She completed her internal medicine residency at Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, her allergy and immunology fellowship at Brigham & Women’s Hospital-Harvard Medical School, and her postdoctoral research fellowship at the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital-Harvard Medical School.

Kirk N. Campbell, MD

Kirk N. Campbell, MD, Irene and Dr. Arthur M. Fishberg Professor of Medicine

Kirk N. Campbell, MD, is Associate Professor of Medicine (Nephrology), Vice Chair for Diversity and Inclusion, and Director of the Nephrology Fellowship Program at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr. Campbell is a physician-scientist working to characterize novel pathways in kidney podocyte injury and survival. His clinical interest is in human glomerular disease.

In addition to treating patients, Dr. Campbell advances the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of glomerular disease progression while identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention. He leads an NIH-funded research program focused on podocyte cell biology, experimental glomerular disease, and clinical trials in the rare kidney disease space. Key findings include the identification of dendrin and the Hippo pathways target Yes-associated protein (YAP) as regulators of podocyte survival and plasminogen as a targetable biomarker in glomerular disease. Dr. Campbell has been a principal investigator for clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of agents in development for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, and lupus nephritis.

Dr. Campbell received his medical degree from the University of Connecticut and completed his internal medicine residency at Yale University before conducting clinical and research training in nephrology at Mount Sinai. He is an elected member of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, Past-President of the New York Society of Nephrology, a member of the Board of Directors of the Nephcure Foundation, and a standing member of the Pathobiology of Kidney Disease study section at the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Campbell also serves on the Medical Advisory Board of the National Kidney Foundation of Greater New York, and is a member of the American Society of Nephrology’s grants review and kidney week education committees.

 

Kecia N. Carroll, MD, MPH

Kecia N. Carroll, MD, MPH, Debra and Leon Black Professor in Pediatrics

Kecia N. Carroll, MD, MPH, is Chief of the Division of General Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, and Environmental Medicine and Public Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr. Carroll is a board-certified general pediatrician, clinical investigator, and epidemiologist. She joined Mount Sinai in 2021 from Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where in addition to a faculty appointment in the Department of Pediatrics, she also served as the Director of Faculty Inclusion and Diversity in the Pediatric Office of Faculty Development, and Chair of the Diversity Committee for the Master of Public Health program.

While at Vanderbilt, Dr. Carroll spearheaded efforts to foster an inclusive environment and created mentoring and career development opportunities for faculty, trainees, and students. She serves as a mentor for faculty and trainees across various career stages and academic tracks. Through her K24 Midcareer Investigator Award funded by the National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute through the National Institutes of Health, she mentors early career investigators and contributes to efforts supporting research mentor training.

Dr. Carroll’s current NIH-funded research program investigates how environmental exposures—including stress, nutritional exposures, and environmental toxicants—during critical periods of development influence childhood asthma risk, with a focus on potential modifiable risk factors. At Mount Sinai, she collaborates with investigators across the Health System, including within the Institute for Exposomic Research.

Dr. Carroll obtained her Bachelor of Arts degree from Vassar College and her medical degree from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. She completed her pediatric residency at the University of California San Francisco and a general academic pediatrics research fellowship at Vanderbilt.

Jaime Chu, MD

Jaime Chu, MD, Mount Sinai Professor in Pediatric Liver Research

Jaime Chu, MD, is the Associate Chief of the Division of Pediatric Hepatology, Medical Director of Pediatric Liver Transplantation, and Director of the Pediatric Physician-Scientist Residency Program at Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital and the Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute at Mount Sinai, where she mentors resident and fellow trainees interested in pursuing a career as a physician-scientist.

Dr. Chu is a physician-scientist in pediatric hepatology. Her long-term goal is to utilize collaborative science and integrate basic and clinical research towards improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pediatric liver disease and to apply this knowledge towards the development of much needed therapeutic options for children with liver disease.

She is the Director of the Molecular Liver Physiology and Metabolism Lab, where she leads a basic research group that focuses on how sugar metabolism pathways work together to regulate liver development and disease. Dr. Chu’s team capitalizes on the strength of the zebrafish as a tool to investigate metabolic mechanisms of liver fibrosis and test potential anti-fibrotic therapies.

Dr. Chu’s clinical research includes participation as site Principal Investigator and Co-Investigator in NIH-funded consortia, including a U01-funded project in pediatric acute liver failure and other industry-sponsored pediatric drug trials for genetic cholestatic liver disease, biliary atresia, and viral hepatitis. Her research has been awarded the Gilead Sciences Research Scholars Liver Disease Award, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Foundation Bridge Award, and funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) to examine the role of mannose metabolism in liver fibrosis. Dr. Chu is a member of the NIDDK Study Section for Fellowship Awards and was selected to serve as a member of the AASLD Task Force on COVID-19.

She received her BA magna cum laude from Harvard University and her MD from New York University School of Medicine. She completed her General Pediatrics residency training at Northwestern University/Children’s Memorial Hospital (now Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago) and her fellowship in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition both at Children’s Memorial Hospital and at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

Kristen Dams-O’Connor, PhD

Kristen Dams-O’Connor, PhD, Jack Nash Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine

 Kristen Dams-O’Connor, PhD, is Director of the Brain Injury Research Center of Mount Sinai and Professor in the Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine and Neurology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

Dr. Dams-O’Connor conducts multidisciplinary research dedicated to improving the lives of people living with brain injury. Her work aims to identify mechanisms, risk, and protective factors to improve long-term outcomes in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and repetitive head trauma sustained through sports participation, military service, and intimate partner violence. Her team uses modern psychometric and statistical techniques to measure individual differences in trajectories of change over time among survivors of TBI. One goal of this work is to improve diagnosis of secondary post-traumatic conditions during life so they can be treated.

Dr. Dams-O’Connor also leads the Late Effects of TBI Project, a TBI brain donor program focused on characterizing the clinical phenotype and postmortem pathological signatures of post-traumatic neurodegeneration and their associations with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. She is Project Director of the New York Traumatic Brain Injury Model System of Care, one of 16 centers of excellence for TBI research and clinical care in the United States.

Her research is supported by federal grants from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research, the United States Department of Defense, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. Dr. Dams-O’Connor has published more than 150 manuscripts and chapters on TBI treatments and outcomes, and has presented her research internationally.

Thomas J. Fuchs, Dr.sc.

Thomas J. Fuchs, Dr.sc., Mount Sinai Chair in Artificial Intelligence and Human Health

Thomas J. Fuchs, Dr.sc. is a scientist in the groundbreaking field of computational pathology, focused on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze images of tissue samples to identify disease, recommend treatment, and predict outcome. In October 2020, he was appointed Co-Director of the Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Dean of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, and Professor of Computational Pathology and Computer Science at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. In this role, Dr. Fuchs leads the next generation of scientists and clinicians using artificial intelligence and machine learning to develop novel diagnostics and treatments for acute and chronic disease.

Dr. Fuchs’s work includes developing novel methods for analysis of digital microscopy slides to better understand genetic mutations and their influence on changes in tissues. He has been recognized for developing large-scale systems for mapping the pathology, origins, and progress of cancer. This breakthrough was achieved by building a high-performance compute cluster to train deep neural networks at petabyte scale.

Before joining Mount Sinai, Dr. Fuchs was Director of the Warren Alpert Center for Digital and Computational Pathology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) and Associate Professor at Weill Cornell Graduate School for Medical Sciences. At MSK, he led a laboratory focused on computational pathology and medical machine learning. Dr. Fuchs also co-founded Paige.AI in 2017 and led its initial growth to the leading AI company in pathology. He is a former research technologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and visiting scientist at the California Institute of Technology. Dr. Fuchs holds a Doctor of Science in Machine Learning from ETH Zurich and a MS in Technical Mathematics from Graz Technical University in Austria.

Alison M. Goate, DPhil

Alison M. Goate, DPhil, Jean C. and James W. Crystal Professor and Chair of Genomics

 Alison M. Goate, DPhil, is the Jean C and James W. Crystal Professor of Genomics and Chair of the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. She has worked on the genetics of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) since 1987, and is the founding director of the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease at Mount Sinai.

Over the last three decades, Dr. Goate has been part of many gene finding teams that have successfully identified disease-causing variants for both AD and FTD. While working at Imperial College in London, she reported the first mutation to cause familial Alzheimer’s disease, and her early studies at Washington University in St. Louis identified a genetic mutation in Colombian families that are now part of the Alzheimer’s Prevention Initiative clinical trial. Her lab was also part of the team that first reported MAPT mutations in FTD.

Dr. Goate is also a leader in the study of late onset AD genetics using integrative genomic approaches to identify novel genetic risk factors. Her work led to the identification of Trem2 as a risk factor for AD and has highlighted the enrichment of AD risk variants in microglial enhancers, regulatory elements in DNA that control gene expression in immune cells of the brain. Dr. Goate is now building upon these insights using genome editing in induced pluripotent stem cells to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease and to develop novel therapeutics.

Dr. Goate has received the Potamkin Award, the Khalid Iqbal Lifetime Achievement Award from the Alzheimer’s Association, and the MetLife Award for her research on AD. She was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2012, and a fellow of the National Academy of Medicine in 2016.

Rita Z. Goldstein, PhD

Rita Z. Goldstein, PhD, Mount Sinai Professor in Neuroimaging of Addiction

Rita Z. Goldstein, PhD, is a Professor of Psychiatry with a secondary appointment in the Department of Neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Dr. Goldstein is Chief of the Neuropsychoimaging of Addiction and Related Conditions research group.

Nationally and internationally known for her neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in drug addiction, Dr. Goldstein formulated a theoretical model known as Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution (iRISA). Multiple neuroimaging modalities—including MRI, EEG/ERP, PET—and neuropsychological tests are used to explore the neurobiological underpinnings of iRISA in drug addiction and related conditions. This model has drawn considerable scientific attention (exceeding 2,850 for a review published in the Am J Psychiatry in 2002 and 1,970 for another review published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience in 2011). An important application of Dr. Goldstein’s research is to facilitate the development of intervention modalities that would improve cognitive and emotional function, leading to better treatment outcomes, in drug addiction and other chronically relapsing disorders of self-regulation.

Dr. Goldstein has authored or co-authored more than 145 highly cited, peer-reviewed manuscripts and book chapters focusing on the role of the prefrontal cortex in drug addiction. Her research has been independently funded by several federal and private agencies, with total funding of more than $20 million as a principal or multiple investigator or program director. She became a fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in 2015, receiving the prestigious Joel Elkes Research Award in 2012 and the Jacob P. Waletzky Award in 2013.

Mentoring is a high priority for Dr. Goldstein. She has mentored numerous trainees, spanning from postdoctoral fellows to graduate, undergraduate, and high school students. Her trainees have published many first authorship manuscripts in top psychiatry and neuroscience journals, have become principal investigators on their own NIH-funded grants, and many of them are now leading independent research labs at prestigious institutions.

Dr. Goldstein earned an undergraduate degree from Tel Aviv University in Israel. She received her PhD in Health Clinical Psychology from the University of Miami after completing a yearlong internship in clinical neuropsychology at the Long Island Jewish Medical Center. She then completed her postdoctoral training on brain imaging and alcohol abuse through a fellowship from the National Institutes of Health at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Emma Guttman-Yassky, MD, PhD

Emma Guttman-Yassky, MD, PhD, Waldman Chair of Dermatology

Emma Guttman-Yassky, MD, PhD, is the Waldman Professor and System Chair of The Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. A world-renowned dermatologist and physician scientist, Dr. Guttman-Yassky divides her time between a busy clinic and her laboratory that investigates the mechanisms underlying inflammatory skin diseases, leading to novel treatments for these patients.

Dr. Guttman-Yassky’s major clinical and research area of expertise is inflammatory skin diseases, with major focus on eczema/atopic dermatitis (AD) and alopecia areata, as well as other inflammatory skin diseases. She made paradigm-shifting discoveries on the immunologic basis of AD/eczema in humans, opening the door to new therapeutics. Dr. Guttman has developed the only comprehensive molecular maps of AD, defining skin differentiation and immune-circuits characterizing this disease.

Her research on atopic dermatitis/eczema has contributed to many of the recently developed treatments for this disease, earning her a unique place as one of the leaders in dermatology and immunology worldwide. She has also shown that AD is a complex disease with distinct phenotypes based on ethnicity, age, and other factors. She has shown that atopic dermatitis in Asian and African American patients is different from atopic dermatitis in European American patients, with important therapeutic implications. She is now testing (both clinically and mechanistically) multiple targeted-therapeutics for atopic dermatitis. She has recently also extended her research interest to alopecia areata in which her findings are also translated to novel therapeutic targets.

Dr. Guttman-Yassky is considered one of the world’s leading experts in inflammatory skin diseases and authored more than 250 articles and is often invited as a keynote and plenary speaker to multiple international and national meetings. She co-founded the International Eczema Council, for which she functions as immediate past president. This organization now comprises the vast majority of top experts in atopic dermatitis/eczema worldwide. She is also on the scientific advisory board of the National Eczema Association and the board of the American Skin Association. She was also elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the American Dermatological Society, and she has received the Young Investigator Award from the American Academy of Dermatology, the Bettina C. Hilman, MD Lectureship and Award from the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology that honors a pioneer in allergy research whose contributions to science and medicine impacted patients’ lives, the Donald Y. M. Leung, MD, PhD-JACI Editors Lectureship and Faculty Development Award, and many other awards.

She earned her MD from Sackler at the Tel-Aviv University, and a PhD degree from the Bar-Ilan University, Israel. After her Israeli Board certification in dermatology in Israel, Dr. Guttman-Yassky moved to the U.S. for a postdoctoral fellowship at The Rockefeller University. She then became board-certified in the U.S. after a second dermatology residency training at Weill Cornell Medical College.

Girish N. Nadkarni, MD, MPH

Girish N. Nadkarni, MD, MPH, Irene and Dr. Arthur M. Fishberg Professor of Medicine   

Girish N. Nadkarni, MD, MPH, is Associate Professor of Medicine (Nephrology) with tenure at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. As an expert physician-scientist, Dr. Nadkarni bridges the gap between comprehensive clinical care and innovative research. He is the Chief of the Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), the Co-Chair of the Executive Management Team of the Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (MSCIC), the Clinical Director of the Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, as well as a core faculty member in the Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine.

Before completing his medical degree at one of the top-ranked medical colleges in India, Dr. Nadkarni received training in mathematics. He then received a master’s degree in public health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and then was a research associate at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute. Dr. Nadkarni completed his residency in internal medicine and his clinical fellowship in nephrology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He then completed a research fellowship in personalized medicine and informatics at the Charles Bronfman Institute Personalized Medicine, where he was mentored by Dr. Erwin Bottinger.

Dr. Nadkarni has authored more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific publications, including articles in the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Annals of Internal Medicine and Nature Medicine. Dr. Nadkarni is the principal or co-investigator for several grants funded by the National Institutes of Health focusing on informatics, data science, and precision medicine. He is also one of the multiple principal investigators of the NIH RECOVER consortium focusing on the long term sequelae of COVID-19. He has several patents, and is also the scientific co-founder of investor-backed companies—one of which, Renalytix, is listed on NASDAQ. In recognition of his work as an active clinician and investigator, he has received several awards and honors, including the Dr. Harold and Golden Lamport Research Award and the Deal of the Year Award from Mount Sinai Innovation Partners for his work with Renalytix.

Louis R. Pasquale, MD, FARVO

Louis R. Pasquale, MD, FARVO, Shelley and Steven Einhorn Distinguished Chair of Ophthalmology

Louis R. Pasquale, MD, FARVO, joined Mount Sinai in 2018 as Professor of Ophthalmology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Site Chair of Ophthalmology at The Mount Sinai Hospital and Mount Sinai Queens. Prior to joining Mount Sinai, he worked at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School, for 25 years. There, he rose to the rank of Professor of Ophthalmology and Distinguished Scholar in Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School as well as Director of the Glaucoma Service at Massachusetts Eye and Ear.

With continuous support from the National Institutes of Health since 2006, Dr. Pasquale’s research has focused on the discovery of primary prevention strategies in open-angle glaucoma. His work has highlighted the role of environmental risk factors for exfoliation syndrome and the importance of nitric oxide signaling in primary open-angle glaucoma. He has also contributed to resolving the complex genetic architecture of primary open-angle glaucoma. His work is highly impactful with more than 309 publications in PubMed and an h-index of 68.

Dr. Pasquale is a member of the editorial boards of Ophthalmology Glaucoma, International Glaucoma Review, Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, and the American Journal of Ophthalmology. He served as a member of the National Institutes of Health’s National Advisory Eye Council. He is currently the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Glaucoma Section Trustee and a Gold Fellow of ARVO. Finally, he is a member of the American Ophthalmological Society and the Glaucoma Research Society.

Dr. Pasquale earned his medical degree at the State University of New York Stony Brook School of Medicine. He completed an internal medicine internship at Bronx Municipal Hospital, an ophthalmology residency at Temple University Hospital, and a two-year fellowship in glaucoma at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

Leslee J. Shaw, PhD

Leslee J. Shaw, PhD, Mount Sinai Professor in Women’s Health Research

Leslee J. Shaw, PhD, is an internationally recognized cardiovascular outcomes researcher, with a strong focus on women’s health that encompasses quality, equity, and evaluation of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis in women. Before joining the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in 2021, she directed the Dalio Institute at Weill Cornell Medical College. Prior to her time at Weill Cornell, Dr. Shaw held the R. Bruce Logue Professorship at the Emory University School of Medicine.

At Mount Sinai, Dr. Shaw holds a triple primary appointment in Medicine (Cardiology), Population Health Science and Policy, and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, and serves as Director of The Blavatnik Family Women’s Health Research Institute. Through this arrangement, Dr. Shaw will expand upon the Institute’s goals for interdisciplinary collaboration in women’s health, and her strong commitment to mentoring and faculty development will enhance collaboration with junior faculty within the Institute.

Dr. Shaw has published more than 760 publications and presented more than 400 abstracts in major scientific meetings in the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America. She has been ranked for more than a decade as one of the top 1 percent of clinical researchers with the most highly cited publications, awarded by Thomson Reuters. Based on her scientific contributions, Dr. Shaw received from the American College of Cardiology the Simon Dack Award for academic excellence in 2009, and, in 2013, the Coalition to Reduce Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Award for her studies on racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease. Also in 2013, she received the Women’s Day Red Dress Award for her scientific contributions to women’s health.  Recently, in 2020, Dr. Shaw was awarded the Bernadine Healy Leadership Award in Women’s Cardiovascular Disease from the American College of Cardiology, the Nanette Wenger Award from the American Society of Preventive Cardiology, and the Distinguished Investigator Award from the Academy for Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Research.

Joseph A. Sparano, MD

Joseph A. Sparano, MD, Ezra M. Greenspan, MD Professor in Clinical Cancer Care Therapeutics

Joseph A. Sparano, MD, an internationally-recognized expert in the management of breast cancer and HIV-associated malignancies, is Chief of the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology for the Mount Sinai Health System and Deputy Director of The Tisch Cancer Institute. Dr. Sparano joined Mount Sinai in 2021 following a distinguished 33-year career at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, where he was Professor of Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Associate Chairman for Clinical Research in the Department of Oncology, and Associate Director for Clinical Research at the Albert Einstein Cancer Center.

Dr. Sparano led a breakthrough clinical trial in breast cancer research, the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment, known as TAILORx—the first and largest National Cancer Institute (NCI) precision medicine trial. It integrated the 21-gene expression assay into clinical decision making for adjuvant therapy of early stage ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. The trial led to changes in treatment guidelines from both the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. TAILORx results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2015, 2018, and 2019. Dr. Sparano also led an effort to develop and validate a new tool integrating clinical and genomic information to guide adjuvant therapy for breast cancer which became freely available for widespread clinical use after publication in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2021. Evidence generated from another trial that he led which evaluated the role of taxane therapy in early breast cancer, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2008, has also had an important and enduring impact on standard clinical practice guidelines.

Dr. Sparano has conducted impactful studies aimed at improving the outcomes of HIV‐positive patients with cancer, including research on novel approaches for treating non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and anal cancer in individuals with HIV. He has also focused his research on improving racial disparities in cancer care and on cancer metastasis. Dr. Sparano’s research has been funded by the NCI as well as the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Susan G. Komen Foundation, and V Foundation.

Dr. Sparano is Chair and Principal Investigator of the AIDS Malignancy Consortium, a network of clinical trial sites in the U.S., Africa, and Latin America. He serves as Deputy Chair of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)-American College of Radiology Imaging Network Cancer Research Group, and is a member of the Board of Managers of the PreECOG Research Foundation and the Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group Steering Committee. He is a recipient of some of the most prestigious awards in the field of medical oncology, including the ECOG Young Investigator Award, the Charles Moertel Award and Lecture by the Alliance for Cancer Clinical Trials, the American Association for Cancer Research William L. McGuire Award and Lecture, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology Gianni Bonadonna Award and Lecture.

Filip K. Swirski, PhD

Filip K. Swirski, PhD, Arthur and Janet C. Ross Professor of Medicine 

Filip K. Swirski, PhD, is the Arthur and Janet C. Ross Professor of Medicine and Professor of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology as well as Director of the Cardiovascular Research Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. He has secondary appointments at the Precision Immunology Institute and the BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute. Dr. Swirski obtained his PhD at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, and postdoctoral studies at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. Dr. Swirski was Professor at Harvard Medical School and Principal Investigator at Massachusetts General Hospital before joining Mount Sinai in 2021.

Dr. Swirski has been recognized nationally and internationally as a leader in the field of innate immunity and inflammation in disease. He focuses on fundamental and translational cardiovascular science within the context of the hematologic, immune, metabolic, and nervous systems, with specific emphasis on cell development, communication, and function. Recently, his work has expanded to include lifestyle factors such as sleep, diet, and stress as critical modulators of cardiovascular health and hematopoiesis.

Dr. Swirski is a highly cited researcher and is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award from the American Heart Association, the William Harvey Lecture from the European Society of Cardiology, the Martin Prize for Fundamental Research, and the Howard M. Goodman Fellowship, and he was also the Patricia and Scott Eston Research Scholar at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Swirski has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health. He holds an Outstanding Investigator Award from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, an Established Investigator Award from the American Heart Association, and is the North American Coordinator of a Leducq Foundation Transatlantic Network of Excellence Consortium.

Rachel Yehuda, PhD

Rachel Yehuda, PhD, Mount Sinai Professor in Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Trauma

Rachel Yehuda, PhD, is Professor and Vice Chair of Psychiatry for Veterans Affairs, and Professor of Neuroscience at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. She is also the Mental Health Director at the Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

A recognized leader in the field of traumatic stress studies, Dr. Yehuda has authored more than 500 papers and received numerous grants and awards in the field of traumatic stress and the neuroscience of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Throughout her career, her research has focused on the study of the enduring effects of trauma exposure in multiple populations such as combat veterans, Holocaust survivors, and victims of 9/11 and interpersonal violence. These studies have examined the relationship between the biological and psychological changes associated with trauma.

Dr. Yehuda’s pioneering work has resulted in an understanding of the epigenetic changes associated with trauma and PTSD, and also molecular alterations in association with intergenerational trauma. Dr. Yehuda’s laboratory has investigated novel treatment approaches for PTSD and the biological factors that may contribute to differing treatment outcomes for the purpose of developing personalized medicine strategies for treatment matching in PTSD. This work has resulted in an approved U.S. patent for a PTSD blood test. Her laboratory is also using advances in stem cell technology to examine PTSD gene expression networks in induced neurons. Most recently, Dr. Yehuda established the Center for Psychedelic Psychotherapy and Trauma Research at Mount Sinai, which integrates sophisticated brain imaging and molecular neuroscience in PTSD with clinical trials using psilocybin and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy and other related medicines.

Bin Zhang, PhD

Bin Zhang, PhD, Willard T.C. Johnson Research Professor of Neurogenetics

Bin Zhang, PhD, is a Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and the Director of the Center for Transformative Disease Modeling at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Prior to joining Mount Sinai, Dr. Zhang worked as a Principal Scientist and Group Leader of Network Biology at Sage Bionetworks, a non-profit research organization started that grew out of Rosetta Inpharmatics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Dr. Zhang earned his PhD and a master’s degree in Computer Science from the State University of New York at Buffalo, a master’s degree in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, and a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Tongji University, Shanghai, China.

Dr. Zhang’s extensive experience in electrical engineering and computer science empowers him to build highly predictive models for very complex data from handwritten document images to large-scale disease multi-Omics data. His expertise lies in data mining, pattern recognition, and systems biology. Over the past decade, Dr. Zhang has developed a series of influential gene network inference algorithms which have been extensively used for identification of novel pathways and gene targets, as well as development of drugs for human diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, obesity, and diabetes.

Dr. Zhang is leading the effort of integrative multiscale network biology modeling of large-scale multi-Omics data in complex human diseases including cancer, diabetes, depression, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, influenza and Zika infection, and COVID-19, as well as pollution-induced asthma. Building upon highly robust and predictive mechanistic network models underlying these diseases, he is developing novel therapeutics for these illnesses using the state-of-the-art artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches.

A prolific researcher, Dr. Zhang has published 190 papers including a number of high profile papers in Nature, Science, Cell, and Nature Genetics. His research on cancer established the first set of data driven predictive gene network models and driver genes of molecular alterations in breast cancer, primary melanoma, and gastric cancer. Such effort has been extended to more than 30 cancer types. His research on the genetic networks and regulators of Parkinson’s disease opens up a new avenue for studying the disease. His research that uncovered an immune/microglia gene network causally linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was published in Cell in 2013 and selected by the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease as one of the top 50 most influential papers on AD published from 2013 to 2017. His subsequent research in this direction further systematically identified molecular signatures underlying selective regional vulnerability to AD and reconstructed neuronal gene subnetworks dysregulated in AD. More importantly, he recently uncovered three major molecular subtypes of AD, which are independent of age and disease stage. Novel compounds are being developed for targeting the network models and key drivers of AD. These studies led by Dr. Zhang provide a foundation for determining more effective biomarkers for early prediction of AD, studying causal mechanisms of AD, developing next generation therapeutics for AD, and designing more effective and targeted clinical trials, ultimately leading to precision medicine for AD.

Mount Sinai Morningside Earns National Honors for Its Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Programs

The Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery programs at Mount Sinai Morningside recently achieved two important milestones. Mount Sinai Morningside, along with Mount Sinai West, broke into the top 50 hospitals nationwide for Adult Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery as ranked by U.S. News & World Report, marking the first time that Mount Sinai Morningside has received a national ranking in these services.

This recognition is the result of attracting internationally recognized clinical leaders; recruiting exceptional physicians, nurses, and technicians; undertaking cutting-edge research and authoring influential peer-reviewed articles; investing in state-of-the-art equipment; and building modern administrative and clinical practice spaces at Mount Sinai Morningside.

Mount Sinai Morningside/Mount Sinai West Ranked Among Top in the Nation by U.S. News & World Report for Cardiology & Heart Surgery

 

 

In addition, Mount Sinai Morningside has, for the first time, earned a three-star rating from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) for its patient care and outcomes in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures. The three-star rating, which denotes the highest category of quality, places Mount Sinai Morningside among the elite hospitals for heart bypass surgery in the United States and Canada.

The STS star rating system is a highly regarded overall measure of quality in health care, rating the benchmarked outcomes of cardiothoracic surgery programs in the United States and Canada. The star rating is calculated using a combination of quality measures for specific procedures performed by an STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database participant.

The STS scoring system is one of the most scientifically validated systems for heart surgery. Achieving the three-star rating is confirmation that our off-pump, multi-arterial and minimally invasive robotic coronary bypass procedures result in better outcomes for our patients.

Historically, approximately 6 to 10 percent of hospitals receive the three-star rating for CABG. The rating awarded to Mount Sinai Morningside was based on national data covering the period from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020.

“I am extremely proud of our Mount Sinai Heart team at both Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West. This well-deserved recognition acknowledges their high level of clinical expertise, dedication, and teamwork,” said Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, Physician-in-Chief of The Mount Sinai Hospital and Director of Mount Sinai Heart. Ranked 6th nationally for Cardiology and Heart Surgery by U.S. News & World Report, Mount Sinai Heart at The Mount Sinai Hospital is a world leader in cardiology care, cardiac surgery, and research.

“To achieve these esteemed distinctions at Mount Sinai Morningside during this unprecedented time speaks volumes about our team’s interdisciplinary and collaborative commitment to providing the highest quality of care and the best patient experience possible,” said Beth Oliver, DNP, RN, Chief Nursing Executive and Senior Vice President, Cardiac Services at the Mount Sinai Health System.

She added, “These are significant achievements for the Mount Sinai Heart team at Mount Sinai Morningside. We are proud that their collective efforts have led to our program receiving such important national recognition.”

Vaccine Facts: COVID-19 Vaccines Are Safe—and Essential—for Pregnant Women


For those who are pregnant or considering getting pregnant, there are so many health questions, from “Is caffeine okay?” to “Can I still exercise?” But during the COVID-19 pandemic, some are also wondering if the COVID-19 vaccines are safe to take.

In this Q&A, Joanne Stone, MD, MS, Director of Maternal Fetal Medicine at the Mount Sinai Health System, explains the dangerous risks of COVID-19 during pregnancy, shares the facts on why you should get the vaccine, and offers reassurance for those who may be worried.

New Guidance on COVID-19 Vaccines: In April 2023, the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced some major changes for COVID-19 vaccines. Click here to read more about what you need to know.

Update: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on September 29, 2021, strongly recommended COVID-19 vaccination either before or during pregnancy because the benefits of vaccination outweigh known or potential risks. Read more from the CDC

If someone is pregnant, or trying to get pregnant, should they get vaccinated?

Yes, if you’re pregnant, or thinking of getting pregnant, or even if you’re breastfeeding, this is absolutely the time to get the vaccine. I would not wait one extra day. I would get it today because there’s a lot of data that shows the vaccine is very safe and it’s not associated with miscarriage or infertility. Also, it’s the most important way to prevent COVID-19 infection.

Joanne Stone, MD, MS

Are pregnant people especially at risk for COVID-19?

Pregnant women who get COVID-19 infection are at a much higher risk for adverse outcomes, such as severe disease and even maternal death. There’s also higher risk for complications, including preeclampsia, which is high blood pressure in pregnancy, as well as increased risk for the baby, including preterm delivery. For all these reasons, the risks of COVID-19 infection are much higher for both mom and baby. So it’s extremely important to prevent this disease during pregnancy through vaccination plus other measures like mask wearing and social distancing.

What else should patients know about the vaccines and pregnancy?

Patients should understand there are a lot of myths out there that have not proven to be true. For example, there’s no increased risk of infertility if you get the vaccine prior to getting pregnant. Pregnant people should also know that there are complications associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy, and these complications that can be prevented by getting the vaccine. Also, the vaccine has been studied extensively. All the major organizations involved with women’s health care—including the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—are strongly advocating that people who are pregnant get the vaccine.

A Celebration of Mount Sinai’s Administrative Fellows

The new graduates of the Mount Sinai Health System’s Administrative Fellowship Program

The Office for Diversity and Inclusion, along with hospital leaders from across the Mount Sinai Health System, recently hosted a virtual ceremony to celebrate and honor the four young professionals who completed the Health System’s Administrative Fellowship Program in 2021.

The innovative two-year program is designed to recruit, train, and promote underrepresented graduates of master’s degree programs into leadership roles within the Health System.

“This is one of our most impactful programs and one in which we take great pride,” said Pamela Abner, MPA, Vice President and Chief Diversity Operations Officer for Mount Sinai Hospital Groups, at the ceremony on June 29. The graduating fellows were Alia Barnes, MPH, Priya Jain, MHA, Alpha Mansaray, MHA, and Emily Spence, MBA. They sincerely thanked their site leaders and mentors, and described their wide-ranging duties during the fellowship, which coincided with the most challenging days of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Fellows served rotations at Mount Sinai hospitals in fields such as medical education, financial planning and resource allocation, real estate management, data analytics, and the patient and staff experience. Fulfilling the mission and promise of the program, the Fellows have all moved into full-time managerial roles within the Health System.

David Reich, MD, President and Chief Operating Officer of The Mount Sinai Hospital, and President, Mount Sinai Queens, said the Administrative Fellowship program played a vital role.  “Probably the most important thing about this program is that it builds a bridge to our community, it builds a bridge toward improving diversity, equity, and inclusion within our Health System,” Dr. Reich said. “And it sends a message to everyone in the Health System that we value our relationship with our community and are developing our future leaders.”

In July 2021, four new Fellows started the program: Abiola Baruwa, MS, Loudmila Hassan, MHA, Lenjo Kilo, MHA, and Jairo Munoz, MS.

The Mount Sinai Health System is accepting applications for the 2022 Administrative Fellowship Program through Friday, October 1. All eligible people, including Mount Sinai employees and students, are encouraged to apply. Contact the Office for Diversity and Inclusion at diversity@mountsinai.org for more information.

Mount Sinai Administrative Fellows Share Takeaway Lessons

Four young professionals recently completed the Mount Sinai Administrative Fellowship, a two-year program developed by the Office for Diversity and Inclusion with strong support from top leadership. The Fellows served rotations at Mount Sinai hospitals in a wide range of administrative fields. In a recent graduation ceremony, they expressed their gratitude to their mentors and discussed some lessons learned.

Alia Barnes, MPH, Integration Program Manager, Department of Medical Education
Administrative Fellowship Graduate, Department of Medical Education

 “Embrace uncertainty, remain inquisitive, and ask questions. And sometimes we have to understand that change is good. When we are working collectively and collaboratively, it can be really beautiful.”

Priya Jain, MHA, Administrative Manager, Oncology Services, The Mount Sinai Hospital
Administrative Fellowship Graduate, The Mount Sinai Hospital

“Take challenges head on, and don’t be afraid to make mistakes. We will not always have all of the answers, but we are lucky to work with people who are willing to help us grow, mentor us, and shape the careers that we strive to achieve.”

Emily Spence, MBA, Real Estate Portfolio Administrator
Administrative Fellowship Graduate, Real Estate Services and Facilities

“It’s not about what you know, it’s about what you are willing to learn.  If your current role does not fit who you want to be, don’t force it. Build relationships and create your own seat at the table.”

Alpha Mansaray, MHA, Clinical Integration Manager, Mount Sinai Health Partners
Administrative Fellowship Graduate, Mount Sinai West

“Take ownership. Hold yourself responsible for the success of whatever you are working on. And consider any negative feedback to be an opportunity. This allows you to brainstorm and look for ways to become better—so it becomes a win-win.”

Higher Risk of Autism Found in Babies Born Prematurely According to a Definitive New Mount Sinai Study

Premature birth is linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in both males and females, with those born earliest carrying the highest risk, according to a large and definitive new study in Pediatrics from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. ASD, a disability associated with social, behavioral, and communication challenges, affects nearly one in 54 children in the United States.

The research found that children born between 22 and 27 weeks gestation had nearly four times the risk of developing ASD than children born full-term, between 39 and 41 weeks. Even babies born early-term—at 37 to 38 weeks—carried a 10 percent to 15 percent higher risk of ASD when compared to full-term births.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, most children are diagnosed with ASD after the age of four, and boys are more likely to be diagnosed than girls. But an important takeaway from the Mount Sinai study is the need for parents and pediatricians to carefully monitor all premature babies, says the study’s lead author, Casey Crump, MD, PhD, Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, and Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn Mount Sinai.

Casey Crump, MD, PhD

“Both preterm and early-term births should now be recognized as independent risk factors for autism in both males and females,” say Dr. Crump. “Children born prematurely need early evaluation and long-term follow-up to facilitate early detection and treatment of autism. Hopefully, our findings will help raise awareness of that.”

Dr. Crump and researchers at Lund University in Sweden examined the population records of more than 4 million Swedish individuals across a 30-year period and found the prevalence of ASD was directly related to gestational age. While the risk of ASD in children born between 37 and 38 weeks gestation is relatively modest, he says, the high numbers of children born during that gestational window make it notable.

In reaching their conclusions, the researchers compared siblings within families and were able to control for genetic and environmental factors, which strengthened the link between prematurity and ASD. The researchers also paid attention to these patterns in premature females, a group that had not been studied as extensively as males.

According to Dr. Crump, the study is meant to raise awareness but not alarm parents of premature babies. “Most of these children do very well across their lifespans,” he says.

Yet, “Preterm birth can interrupt or delay the development of all organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system and kidneys, as well as the neurological system,” he adds. For example, the weight of the human brain increases by nearly one-third between 34 and 40 weeks gestation, with significant increases in the volume of white and grey matter. Additional research has shown that the preterm brain is exposed to an inflammatory environment, which could result in a cascade of neuronal injury and alterations that occur prior to birth.

“Parents of children born preterm should be extra careful that their children have close clinical follow-up with physicians who are aware of these issues and can refer them to specialists,” says Dr. Crump. “Earlier detection leads to earlier treatments, which can improve outcomes. Gestational age at birth should certainly be tracked in the medical records to facilitate identification of these people across their life course.”

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