When we think about how to improve our heart health, we usually focus on eating right and exercising regularly. But getting a good night’s sleep can make a real difference as well.

“If you’re trying to improve your heart health, think about diet, exercise, and sleep,” says Deepak L. Bhatt MD, MPH, MBA, Director of the renowned Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital.

In this Q&A, Dr. Bhatt explains how insufficient sleep can cause a wide range of symptoms and what steps you can take to remedy that.

Why is sleep important for heart health?

Not getting enough sleep, or not having good quality sleep, can cause increases in blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Chronically insufficient sleep can predispose you to weight gain and obesity. That could be because if you’re up until midnight binge watching and snacking, you might put on some extra pounds. But there are also more fundamental biological pathways by which insufficient sleep can increase cardiovascular risk. One of those might be by inducing inflammation, which is now known to be part of the pathophysiology of heart attacks and strokes.

Deepak L. Bhatt MD, MPH, MBA

What constitutes a good night’s sleep?

Sleeping seven to nine hours is ideal. For adults, more than nine hours isn’t necessarily better; it’s not like with exercise, where more is generally better. However, sleeping less than seven hours is not a good thing. Many people get less than six hours of sleep a night and think that’s sufficient. But with only six hours, you’re probably not as fully functional as you would otherwise be. Over the long term, a pattern of insufficient sleep increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. There is even some emerging data that it might be associated with an increased risk of dementia.

What about interrupted sleep?

Continuous sleep is better. But a lot of people sleep three hours, then get up and walk around, and then go back to sleep. The key is to not start watching TV or check your iPhone or electronic device, because that stimulates the brain. The light makes the brain think it’s daylight and time to wake up. As you go from being a bad sleeper to being a good sleeper, you don’t want to just hop into bed at 8 pm when you’re wide awake. That’s not going to work. Instead, you want to establish good sleep hygiene over time. That means trying to go to bed at the same time and wake up at the same time every day. Ideally, that would extend into weekends as well. It’s difficult to set a good plan for the week if you’re up until 2 am on Saturday night and sleep until 9 am on Sunday. It will make it hard to wake up on time on Monday morning.

How can you help yourself fall asleep?

Avoid excess stimulation right before going to bed, like binge watching TV or late-night snacking, which are bad for your health in any number of ways. Don’t check an email from your boss at 11 pm or binge-watch Netflix at 1 am. Also, you don’t want to eat a heavy meal, then go right to bed. Some people find that relaxation, meditation, and listening to gentle music right before going to bed can help them fall asleep. Exercise can be useful, because you’ve exerted yourself and are tired. But if you exercise right before going to sleep, your adrenaline is surging, and that can backfire. There is also an element of common sense and trial and error to figure out what works best for you. For some people, a glass of warm milk before bed might help—but that’s not going to work if you have lactose intolerance.

What does insufficient sleep do to your body?

Not getting enough sleep can increase your blood pressure, weight, blood sugar, predisposition to diabetes, and inflammation. These can raise your risk of heart problems. Inflammation isn’t often thought of in the context of cardiovascular disease, but the latest evidence shows that inflammation in artery plaque can trigger blood clots—and that’s what leads to the majority of heart attacks.

Does sleep apnea affect the heart?

Sleep apnea is different than having trouble sleeping. If you are not sleeping well, or you wake up feeling really fatigued despite the fact that you’ve been in bed for seven to nine hours, it might be worth getting checked out. People with sleep apnea wake up multiple times a night and have a much higher risk of high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, and heart rhythm problems like atrial fibrillation. Treatment for sleep apnea can really improve your quality of life and reduce some cardiovascular risks.

Can you talk about recent sleep research?

There has been a fair amount of work done on sleep, though there needs to be a lot more research. We still don’t understand a lot of fundamental things about sleep. But we do know that sleep seems to be important for organizing memories. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to an accumulation of certain types of proteins, like tau and beta-amyloid, which are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. To sum up: Always remember that sleep, in addition to diet and exercise, is crucial to the health of your heart and your overall health.

Icilma Fergus, MD

Heart disease is the No. 1 cause of death in the United States, and because of disparities in health care, African Americans, nonwhite Hispanics, and Native Americans are especially hard hit. The good news is that taking some simple steps can produce a significant improvement in your heart health, and an important part of that is managing your risk factors by finding the right health care provider who understands your needs.

In this Q&A, Icilma Fergus, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Director of Cardiovascular Disparities for the Mount Sinai Health System, explains how to ensure patients receive equitable care and offers some suggestions on how you can find the heart health care you need and deserve.

“Many conditions can be delayed or averted or minimized by managing your risk factors and taking care of yourself,” she says. “We know that many people are very busy these days with work, caring for children and their parents. Sometimes they neglect to take care of themselves. You should listen to your body. If you don’t feel right, get yourself checked out. We can help.”

What can I do to reduce my risk of heart disease?

A lot depends on you. Managing your blood pressure, following the guidelines of the American Heart Association. Managing your blood sugar, your cholesterol, and diabetes. Eating right, taking your medications, and getting enough exercise. The American Heart Association recommends exercising or getting physical activity on most days of the week for about 30 minutes. It doesn’t necessarily mean an expensive gym membership. It could simply be walking, taking the stairs instead of taking the elevator, or parking further away from the door so that you’re walking more. If you’re sitting down on a lot of calls, as many have done during the pandemic, you could be moving your feet, moving your arms if you’re not on camera. Getting up and walking while on the call will also be helpful. Making sure you get enough sleep and drink enough water. Knowing your family history and coming prepared when you come in to see your health care provider.

How are disparities in care affecting heart health?

When you look at cardiovascular care and outcomes in the United States, you can see different outcomes for Blacks, Hispanics, and other immigrants, compared with the white population. For example, Blacks are nearly twice as likely to die from preventable heart disease and stroke. Because there are adequate resources for all and great treatment for all, this is termed a disparity. Also, there are risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and others that are uncontrolled in certain populations, such as the Black population. This means additional resources should be provided to ensure that everyone can access the care they need and deserve. We also must address certain issues such as health literacy, understanding of culture, and providing access, to ensure that our patients are receiving equitable care.

What can be done about this?

We need additional education geared toward certain populations. Health literacy means patients have a better understanding of their medical condition and what needs to be done. Sometimes medical jargon delivered to patients may make them not only scared but they may not even understand what to do. Providing education and screening will ensure that people are coming to get care. We know that premature heart disease is 80 percent preventable. That means getting to the patient before the condition becomes almost incurable or very complicated is important. Managing the risk factors earlier on can prevent the progression that invariably may end up in the patient’s death or a significant compromise in their heart health.

What is Mount Sinai doing?

Mount Sinai is doing many things to educate patients and their families in our communities. We provide patient literature geared towards the appropriate age, appropriate demographics, and appropriate language, such as translating into Spanish and French, as well as having it at a level that patients can understand. We have a number of programs. Mount Sinai Heart in particular has a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion program that ensures we have a diverse staff and communities are aware of what’s going on. Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, the President of Mount Sinai Heart, has a program that focuses on young children who are impressionable and could be coached and receive education about preventative measures—things like eating healthy, exercising, drinking water instead of sugary drinks. If they get this information early, then they’ll continue to do that later on in life. This program also focuses on getting the information to parents, grandparents, or other family members.

Any other examples?

There are a number of other programs, such as the one that I started in 2012, the Harlem Healthy Hearts. We conduct monthly workshops within the community. We discuss managing your cardiovascular risk factors and understanding how to talk to your health care provider. For example, the importance of writing things down, having a family member or friend with you so that they can help you to remember things or ask a question you might be afraid to ask. We talk about medication adherence. Some patients don’t understand their medications and may be afraid of them. For that reason, they’re not taking them, and they may not say anything to the health care provider. We discuss how to ask questions about your medications and how to speak to your health care provider about alternative solutions. We also talk to supermarkets in underserved communities to ensure that healthy foods are up front and available, such as fruit, vegetables, and water rather than sugary drinks and processed foods.

How does this help patients and consumers?

Patients are consumers of health. When it comes to any other item you are consuming or buying, people ask questions to ensure that they are satisfied, that they are receiving the care that they should, and the same goes for your health. You should be a healthy and happy consumer or patient when it comes to your health. Therefore, you should have a good rapport with your health care provider, whether it’s a nurse practitioner or doctor or anyone within the health care field so that you get your questions answered and feel comfortable. Mount Sinai provides a vast array of health care providers who are fluent in different languages, who are familiar with various cultures. If you go to the website, you can find a doctor or a health care provider who will ensure that you are a healthy and happy consumer.

Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, MBA

Heart disease is one of the most significant public health concerns in the United States, affecting men, women, and all racial and ethnic groups, with some populations disproportionally affected.

There’s really no secret to better heart health. If you’re wondering what steps you can take to improve your heart health, here are six simple tips from one of the leading experts, Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, MBA, the Director of the Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, who leads the educational, research, and clinical cardiovascular work of the Icahn School of  Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Mount Sinai Health System.

“A healthy lifestyle goes a long way to reducing the risk of heart disease and, as it turns out, also reduces the risk of things like diabetes and cancer,” Dr. Bhatt says.

Here are Dr. Bhatt’s suggestions for improving your heart health.

Eat Better

The best thing to do to improve heart health is to maintain a good diet. I endorse a plant-based diet, which means one that has lots of fresh fruit and vegetables and whole grains. It doesn’t have to be vegetarian, but it can be. You should avoid red meat if you can, or at least limit how much red meat you eat.

Work Up a Sweat

Daily exercise is important. You don’t need a rigorous exercise routine at the gym. For people who don’t really like to exercise, I’m talking about any vigorous physical activity. It can be 30 minutes of brisk walking—ideally something where you work up a sweat. Or it can be something you really enjoy, like gardening. Any physical activity is better than none, even if it’s just a matter of parking your car further from the store or your office and walking a bit more, or taking the stairs instead of the elevator. Those little doses of exercise can add up over a lifetime.

Eat Well, But Not Too Much

Maintaining a good weight is important. The natural tendency is to put on weight. Even an extra five or 10 pounds can increase your risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol, which in turn increase the risk of heart disease and other medical problems. And taking off even small amounts of weight can make a difference.

Sleep Right

This one may surprise you. Sleep is very important. It can be hard to get a good night’s sleep these days. Everyone’s got a busy chaotic lifestyle, it seems. Proper sleep can help you maintain a normal weight and reduce mental stress. A recent study showed that people who slept less than the recommended amount had higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Insufficient sleep doesn’t get the respect it deserves as a cardiovascular risk factor.

No Smoking

I encourage you not to start smoking, and to stop if you are smoking. Smoking raises the risk of heart disease and cancer probably more than any other single factor. It’s not just cigarettes and cigars. It includes vaping, which is really catching on among young people, and marijuana. Some may not be happy to hear that. But the reality is that all these forms of smoking raise the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Know What to Do if You Suspect a Heart Attack

If you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call 911 immediately. You should call if you are having significant chest discomfort. Don’t tough it out at home. Don’t decide you’re going to drive yourself to the hospital. Don’t ask your spouse to drive you. If your heart should stop beating, blood will stop flowing to the brain, and in just a few minutes the lack of oxygen can cause significant damage. You should also consider taking a basic CPR course. These simple chest compressions can keep the blood flowing from the heart. You might also want to take notice of where you could find an automated external defibrillator (AED), say in your office, at school, or when you are traveling. These simple devices can determine if someone has an abnormal heart rhythm and deliver an electric shock to restore the rhythm to normal. The devices have very simple instructions and can talk you through what to do.

Cervical cancer is a malignancy that originates in the lower part of the uterus, the part that dilates when you are having a baby. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Common symptoms of cervical cancer include abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain or discomfort, and pain during sexual activity.  HPV infection usually has no symptoms but is picked up on cervical cancer screening.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cervical cancer occurs most often in people over age 30. When cervical cancer is detected early, it is highly treatable.

In this Q&A, Stephanie V. Blank, MD, Director of Gynecologic Oncology at Mount Sinai Health System, answers frequently asked questions about cervical cancer, including risk factors, its connection to HPV, prevention, and treatment options.

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

The main symptom of cervical cancer is abnormal bleeding—spotting that has nothing to do with your period or bleeding after sex.

Are there any risk factors?

Some of the risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, having multiple sexual partners, and being immunocompromised, which means having  a weakened immunity system, such as those who may have advanced or untreated HIV infection.

What is the connection between HPV and cervical cancer?

HPV, which is sexually transmitted, causes most cervical cancer. When somebody gets HPV, many times the body’s immune system makes it go away. But sometimes it persists. When it persists, it can get into cells and cause cells to undergo changes, which eventually can turn into cancer.

Can cervical cancer be prevented?

Cervical cancer can be prevented. We have a wonderful tool to prevent cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine. Getting the HPV vaccine before you ever have sex can prevent cervical cancer. We also have great screening for cervical cancer, which also is a form of prevention. The CDC recommends the HPV vaccination for children 11 to 12 years old.

What screenings are needed for cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer screening now consists of both a Pap smear and HPV testing. In the future, it may consist of HPV testing alone. But when we use these two tests, we screen at different intervals, often depending on age and results of your screening. The important thing about screening is not only to get the screening tests, but also to follow up appropriately.

How often do you need to be screened?

How often you need to be screened depends on your age and the results of your screening test. Most people do not need to be screened every year. You should discuss this with your doctor.

What are the treatment options?

The treatment options for cervical cancer have changed a lot over the past several years. If somebody has cervical cancer and it is early, in many cases they can be treated with a procedure called a cone biopsy that does not remove the whole cervix but just removes the cancer. If somebody has early cervical cancer, it often can be treated with surgery alone. If cancer is more advanced, there may be a need for radiation, or even more advanced chemotherapy or newer drugs.

Why is it important to be treated by a gynecologic oncologist?

With cervical cancer, there are often many different components to care. It is important to be treated by a gynecologic oncologist because you need somebody who understands cervical cancer, who can coordinate this care. It is crucial that a gynecologic oncologist takes on this role for you. Everyone with cancer is different and requires a different treatment plan. At Mount Sinai, we have experienced specialists and a multidisciplinary team who work together to provide the very best care for our patients.