We’ve come a long way in HIV medicine since the 1980s—the height of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, when contracting the virus was considered a death sentence. Today, not only can we prevent HIV with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we can also treat HIV and manage it to undetectable levels, in which virus counts are so low that they cannot be transmitted sexually.
For LGBTQ+ Pride Month in June, Richard Silvera, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), and Medical Education, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, provides the latest developments on PrEP and explains how these medications are more convenient to access than ever.
“Pride Month is a great time where the LGBTQ+ community gathers and celebrates our achievements, as well as commiserates over our shared struggles,” says Dr. Silvera. “It is important to know that despite our breakthroughs, HIV is still out there, and that we have excellent tools to treat and prevent it.”
There are now different methods for accessing and delivering PrEP. “These different methods are really about trying to find a strategy that will fit into someone’s life most easily,” says Dr. Silvera. He discusses three recent developments with PrEP, and how you can find one that best suits your needs.
Richard Silvera, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), and Medical Education, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
What is PrEP?
PrEP is a prescription medicine taken to prevent getting HIV. It reduces the risk of contracting HIV from sex by 99 percent, and from injection drug use by at least 74 percent, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
PrEP is suitable not only for LGBTQ+ populations, but also cisgender straight men and women, especially if they have unprotected sex, have a partner with HIV, or have used injected drugs.
What is TelePrEP?
Usually, people go into a doctor’s office to get a prescription for PrEP, and get their blood work and sexually transmitted infection (STI) tests done there, says Dr. Silvera. But for some people who don’t want, or are unable, to make the trip to a clinic, there’s an online option for them known as telePrEP, he adds.
Here’s how telePrEP works:
- An individual fills out a medical and insurance inquiry to ensure they are covered for telePrEP services. Once done, they can begin scheduling video calls with a provider.
- During the video call, the provider walks the patient through what PrEP is, how and when to take it, and required tests.
- For the required lab tests, which includes a blood draw and other routine STI tests, the patient can go to any commercial lab or testing center covered by their insurance network.
- The patient can then pick up the medication at a pharmacy, or have it mailed.
“We have an excellent telePrEP program available through our Institute of Advanced Medicine, which specializes in care for the LGBTQ+ community, people living with HIV/AIDS, and people who experience domestic violence,” says Dr. Silvera. “For people whose lifestyle might not allow them to take time off to go into a clinic for PrEP visits, telePrEP can be a convenient option.”
What is PrEP on Demand (PrEP 2-1-1)?
For people who might have concerns about taking PrEP medications daily—or are unable to for health reasons—there is a dosing schedule called “PreP on demand,” says Dr. Silvera. Also called “PrEP 2-1-1,” this is where someone who knows they might be at risk of HIV exposure takes two pills anywhere between two hours and 24 hours before sex, then one pill 24 hours after sex, and then another pill 24 hours after that.
This dosing schedule has been shown in studies to be effective in preventing HIV for gay and bisexual men who have sex without a condom, according to the CDC. This benefit may also extend to transgender women, or those who were assigned male at birth, notes Dr. Silvera. However, for heterosexual couples and those assigned female at birth, the evidence for this method of PrEP is not conclusive, he adds.
Accessing PrEP on demand works similar to daily PrEP: the patient makes an appointment with their provider, and lab tests will need to be done every three months.
[Sidebar: What have studies shown about the effectiveness of PreP on demand?](See below for full text)
Although the CDC has provided a guideline for this dosing schedule, it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
What is Long-Acting PrEP?
Instead of taking a pill every day, there is now an injectable PrEP that lasts longer called Apretude® (cabotegravir). Currently the only long-acting PrEP approved by the FDA, Apretude is given first as two initiation injections administered one month apart, and then every two months thereafter.
“Apretude has the advantage of not being excreted through the kidneys, unlike oral PrEP,” says Dr. Silvera. “So if someone has kidney disease, Apretude might be suitable for them.”
What have studies shown about the effectiveness of PreP on demand?
PrEP on demand has been long studied for its effectiveness. In 2012, a randomized, placebo-controlled study named IPERGAY was one of the first studies on this dosing schedule. It enrolled 400 men and transgender women, with a median follow-up of 9.3 months. Findings were published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2015. Here’s a summary of the findings:
- Taking PrEP on demand reduced the risk of contracting HIV by 86 percent among participants.
- The most common side effects of those who took the treatment were related to the digestive tract and kidneys.
- There was no significant difference in how often people had unprotected sex before and after they had PrEP on demand.
- The proportion of people who had STIs before and after they had PrEP on demand remained similar.
Studies have shown that the long-acting drug, injected once every eight weeks, is safe and more effective than daily oral PrEP at preventing HIV acquisition among both cisgender women and cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men, according to HIV.gov, an official U.S. government site.
Accessing long-acting PrEP and its testing is slightly different: the patient has to go to the clinic every two months to receive the injection, as it cannot currently be self-administered. The patient would also do the required lab tests.
Discontinuing long-acting PrEP is also slightly more complicated than stopping daily oral PrEP, notes Dr. Silvera. “When someone wishes to stop long-acting PrEP, there will continue to be some amounts of medication in their body after stopping the injections.” The patient will be switched to daily oral PrEP until it is certain the long-acting medication has been cleared from the body, and then the oral PrEP can be stopped. “What we want to avoid is someone having enough medicine in their body such that if someone were exposed to HIV, the virus can learn to avoid that medicine, but also not having enough medicine in the body to prevent an infection,” he says.
Pride Month is a time for great joy and celebration, and LGBTQ+ people should keep themselves safe—and not just from HIV, says Dr. Silvera. Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) cases have been increasing in New York City and other major cities in the United States, and other STIs are important too. “PrEP works great for protecting against HIV, but it does not protect against other things out there too,” he says.