The research team from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai included, from left, Priscilla O. Agyeman, MPH, research coordinator, Division of Liver Diseases; Principal Investigator Craig L. Katz, MD; and Sarah MacLean, third-year medical student.
Mount Sinai researchers found that children being held in an immigration detention center experienced high levels of mental health distress, with 44 percent demonstrating at least one significant emotional or behavioral symptom. The report was the first large, empirical study examining the mental health of children in U.S. immigration detention, says the Principal Investigator, Craig L. Katz, MD, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Global Health, and Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
“Perhaps our findings should not really be a surprise,” says Dr. Katz, who considers the study a valuable baseline for further research. “Kids who had been previously separated from their parents had higher rates of emotional problems, compared to those who were always detained with a parent. And the detained children overall had higher rates of distress compared to the general population in the U.S.”
The research team from Mount Sinai spent two months in summer 2018 at a detention center in the Southwestern United States. speaking to women and children, most of whom had fled Honduras, Guatemala, or El Salvador. The researchers were not allowed to use telephones or take photographs while interviewing the families in a visitation trailer. The study was published in June 2019 in the journal Social Science and Medicine.
The mothers told stories of escaping gang violence or domestic violence in their home countries, where government and police officials often turned a blind eye. The team interviewed 425 women about their eldest child, using the standard Parent-Report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Among those 425 children, 32 percent had elevated scores for emotional problems, and the rate was 49 percent for those who had previously been separated from their parent. A subset of 150 children who were age 9 or older also completed the UCLA Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index. Seventeen percent of those children had a probable diagnosis of PTSD, compared with 4.7 percent in the general population of U.S. children.
“Children with emotional distress showed symptoms like wanting to cry all the time; problems with conduct, such as fighting with other kids or having temper tantrums; and peer problems like not having a lot of friends or only wanting to interact with adults,” says Sarah MacLean, lead author of the study and a third-year medical student at the Icahn School of Medicine who was part of the field team. “The children with symptoms of PTSD reported having flashbacks or nightmares about a trauma, or feeling depressed or sad.”
The field research for the study was conducted by Kim A. Baranowski, PhD, Associate Director of the Mount Sinai Human Rights Program; Priscilla O. Agyeman, MPH, a research coordinator in the Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine; Ms. MacLean; and Joshua Walther, a fourth-year medical student at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, Texas. Authors of the report were the field team; Dr. Katz; and Elizabeth K. Singer, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, and Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine, and Director of the Mount Sinai Human Rights Program.
Dr. Katz hopes to expand on the research, which had certain limitations. The subjects were a “convenience sample,” meaning they were the families who were accessible for interviews in the center’s visitation trailer, as opposed to a randomly selected sample. Because of the setting, some mothers completed the forms in their child’s presence, which may have influenced their responses.
The study also could not pinpoint the cause of the children’s distress, whether it was detention, or the journey to the U.S. border, or the violence they faced in their home countries, says Dr. Katz, who is also an Associate Director of the Mount Sinai Human Rights Program. Regardless of the cause, the study concluded that the children “would benefit from culturally responsive and trauma-informed mental health care.” Dr. Katz says that ideally, the mothers and children would receive appropriate psychiatric support once they settle into a community. “But even if they don’t get psychiatric help, social support helps,” he says. “Making sure people have clothes, a backpack, a phone, know how to take a bus. That support is going to make an enormous different in the trajectory of their recovery.”
Despite their higher rates of emotional distress, 98 percent of the children studied had normal scores on the “prosocial” scale, which included being considerate of other’s feelings and volunteering to help others. The team found signs of hope and humanity at the center, a broad expanse of trailers surrounded by a barbed wire fence. One boy from Honduras drew a picture and shyly presented it to Ms. Agyeman, and she intends to keep it forever. “The picture gave me a bittersweet message,” she says, “that a little boy can do the things any other kid would do, laughing and playing, even in an otherwise very sad environment.”