Large-Vessel Stroke and COVID-19 in Young Patients: New Insights

The Icahn School Medicine at Mount Sinai team studying the relationship between stroke and COVID-19 included, from left, Thomas J. Oxley, MD, PhD; Johanna T. Fifi, MD; and J Mocco, MD, MS.

Cerebrovascular stroke specialists at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have reported on five patients younger than 50 years of age who presented to the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City with large-vessel stroke and COVID-19, surprising observations that were documented in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) on Tuesday, April 28, 2020. Significantly, they have also determined that stroke patients may be delaying emergency care because of fear of COVID-19.

Large-vessel stroke, the most devastating form of stroke, occurs when there is a large blood clot in a major artery of the brain. It may cause severe symptoms in the patient and, when not diagnosed or treated quickly, may result in death or major disabilities. This form of stroke is typically seen in patients older than age 50.

“As the pandemic surged, we noticed a lot of the patients coming in for stroke were very young, and some of them did not have any traditional risk factors for stroke—but they were testing positive for COVID-19,” says the study’s senior author, Johanna T. Fifi, MD, Associate Director of the Mount Sinai Cerebrovascular Center, Director of Endovascular Stroke, and Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Radiology. “We realized we had seen five young people with large vessel stroke within two weeks, and that was not usual,” adds Dr. Fifi. “By comparison, every two weeks over the previous 12 months, our service had treated, on average, less than one [0.73] patient younger than 50 years of age with large-vessel stroke.”

The patients described in the report were 33, 37, 39, 44, and 49 years old who presented to Mount Sinai during a two-week period, from March 23 to April 7, 2020. First author Thomas J. Oxley, MD, PhD, Instructor in Neurosurgery, and a specialist in vascular neurosurgery, was in the process of removing a blood clot from one patient. He was threading a tiny device through the artery to retrieve the clot, using an imaging monitor to guide him, and then he saw, he says, “There were new clots forming around the existing clot, in real time.” This was a very unusual finding.

While such observations are limited, and did not receive full peer review, NEJM says that it is sharing case reports like these that offer important teaching points or novel findings to communicate information on the global clinical effort against COVID-19. J Mocco, MD, MS, Director of the Cerebrovascular Center for the Mount Sinai Health System, Vice Chair of Neurosurgery, and Professor of Neurosurgery, says these five cases served as “an alert” to his stroke peers. The discovery of clots forming in the small vessels of many organs—in the lungs, heart, liver, and kidney—had already been reported in COVID-19 patients by several physicians from around the world, including pulmonologists and cardiologists at Mount Sinai.

One case highlighted in the NEJM report was that of a 33-year-old patient—a female who was described as previously healthy, and not having any of the usual risk factors for stroke.

She had reported symptoms of cough, fever, and chills for one week—possible symptoms of COVID-19—which were followed by progressive slowing or slurring of speech, with both numbness and weakness in the left arm and left leg over a period of 28 hours—symptoms of stroke. When she presented to Mount Sinai Brooklyn, her score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was 19 (scores range from 0 to 42, with higher numbers indicating greater stroke severity). Dr. Mocco described it as “profound” stroke—the type, he said, that has the potential to result in the most severe physical and cognitive deficiencies.

Adding to the medical challenge was this patient’s delay in seeking medical care. Large-vessel strokes are very treatable, says Dr. Oxley, especially when treated within 6 hours, and up to 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. This patient, however, took more than a day to seek medical care. “She delayed seeking emergency care because of fear of COVID-19,” the report says. “She told us that she lives with elderly relatives, and she was afraid of exposing her family by going to the hospital, so she stayed home,” says Dr. Fifi.

Computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography showed a partial infarction of the right middle cerebral artery with a partially occlusive thrombus (blood clot) in the right carotid artery in the neck. Significantly, patchy ground-glass opacities in the lungs—a finding characteristic of COVID-19—were also seen on CT angiography. Testing to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was positive.

The patient received antiplatelet therapy, which was subsequently switched to anticoagulation therapy. After a repeat CT angiography on Day 10 showed a complete resolution of the blood clot, the patient was discharged to a rehabilitation facility.

Among the four other patients, one was discharged home, another to a rehabilitation facility, one to the Mount Sinai stroke unit, and the fourth succumbed to his illness.

Since submitting their NEJM report, Dr. Mocco and his team have begun to analyze every stroke case that occurred while Mount Sinai hospitals were treating COVID-19 patients. “We saw a doubling in the rate of severe strokes, and more than half of the patients were positive for COVID-19,” he says. “And, we saw that they looked very different from the normal stroke population—they looked younger, and they were more likely to be men. It appears—very strongly—that there is an association here between the virus and forming blood-clots.” All of this requires more rigorous research, and the Mount Sinai stroke team will continue to observe and to collaborate on new investigations to increase understanding of the stroke and COVID-19 relationship.

In the meantime, each of them urges any individual who has stroke symptoms to seek immediate help. “Social distancing, isolation, and reluctance to present to the hospital may contribute to poor outcomes,” they wrote in the NEJM report. “Two patients in our series delayed calling an ambulance because they were concerned about going to a hospital during the pandemic.” Adds Dr. Oxley: “You need to call the ambulance urgently if symptoms such as facial drooping, arm weakness, and speech difficulties appear.”

Medical Team Safely Delivers Baby in Critical Care Unit

Patient Leslie Echeverria, front row in hospital gown, with members of the Mount Sinai medical team who coordinated care from four specialties to ensure the safe delivery of her baby.

At around 5 pm on Wednesday, January 8, Leslie Echeverria, 24, gave birth to a healthy baby girl at The Mount Sinai Hospital—the norm at Mount Sinai under ordinary circumstances, where physicians and medical staff perform thousands of uneventful deliveries every year.

But Ms. Echeverria, born deaf and with severe congenital heart disease, was a high-risk patient. She had severe pulmonary valvular regurgitation, stenosis of the pulmonary valve, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and enlargement of the right side of her heart—both the right atrium and ventricle with right ventricular dysfunction. The delivery of her baby took place in the Hospital’s Cardiac Care Unit (CCU), a first for Mount Sinai Heart and Mount Sinai’s Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science.

The smooth birth was the result of meticulous planning and coordination among four of Mount Sinai’s medical disciplines, involving also the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, the Institute for Critical Care Medicine, and the new Mount Sinai Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center.

“It was pretty unusual,” says Lauren Ferrara, MD, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, and a specialist in Maternal and Fetal Medicine, who managed Ms. Echeverria’s pregnancy. “The CCU certainly wasn’t used to this. But everyone loves when a baby is born.” Jill Berkin, MD, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, and a specialist in Maternal and Fetal Medicine, worked with Dr. Ferrara and delivered the baby, whom Ms. Echeverria named Shayla.

The makeshift delivery room in the CCU was crowded, periodically, with as many as 10 people. Dr. Berkin and her Maternal and Fetal Medicine team were accompanied closely by clinicians from Mount Sinai Heart, led by Ali N. Zaidi, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), and Pediatrics, Director of the Mount Sinai Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, and the Director of Pediatrics to Adult Transition of Care Program. Also on hand was Joshua (Zevy) Hamburger, MD, Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, who managed Ms. Echeverria’s anesthesia care with Yaakov Beilin, MD, Director of Obstetric Anesthesia, and Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, and Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science. Ms. Echeverria’s mother was in the room, along with a sign-language interpreter and a critical care specialist.

“This story highlights how we take care of someone with complex congenital heart disease,” says Dr. Zaidi, who credits the entire Mount Sinai team with ensuring the safe delivery of baby Shayla. “We formulated a comprehensive plan. If Leslie or her baby ran into trouble we wanted to have all of our services there.”

Interestingly, it was not until Ms. Echeverria became pregnant that she learned about the seriousness of her heart condition. “After I got pregnant I found out so much more about my heart, because my parents didn’t really tell me, and I didn’t really know,” she says.

Infected by the rubella virus while her mother was pregnant with her in Ecuador, Ms. Echeverria had two open-heart surgeries a few years after she was born. But growing up in Queens, she played sports and did not experience pain or other symptoms. At the end of her first trimester, she came under the care of Drs. Ferrara and Zaidi, who began to carefully coordinate her delivery.

“We took a team approach that helped dispel concerns,” says Dr. Ferrara. “Even the day she was admitted to the hospital, everyone re-affirmed the plan.” Ms. Echeverria was admitted to The Mount Sinai Hospital at 35 weeks gestation and doctors induced labor at 38 weeks, with plans for the delivery to take place in the CCU.

Dr. Zaidi—trained and certified in Adult Congenital Heart Disease, and board certified in Adult Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiology—now oversees Ms. Echeverria’s cardiovascular care. He says medical advances over the past 30 years have made it possible for women with all forms of congenital heart disease to live long lives and have children of their own. But, he adds, many of these women do not receive the cardiovascular care they need as they transition from childhood to adulthood and lack the full understanding of their medical needs, which is something he would like to see changed.

Ms. Echeverria will need heart surgery in the near future. But right now, she says, “I am not worrying too much about my heart problems. I want to keep fighting for my goals and keep surviving. I just want to be successful with my baby.”

Football Star Brings Inspiration to Young Patients

2019 Heisman Trophy winner Joe Burrow met with pediatric patients, including Ryan Diaz.

Patients and families at the Child Life Zone at Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital received a special visit on Sunday, December 15, from Joe Burrow, just a day after he was named the 2019 Heisman Trophy winner. The Louisiana State University quarterback hosted a special trivia-themed episode on KidZone TV, answered questions, opened up about his personal life and adversity, and provided inspiration to patients and their families in an appearance made possible through the Companions in Courage Foundation.

Mr. Burrow also signed football keepsakes for the patients, much to the delight of one 13-year-old patient, Ryan Diaz, an aspiring football player himself. Ryan already has helped his Harlem Jets youth football team win two championships—no easy feat for this offensive guard and center who happens to have severe asthma.

“He has had asthma since he was a baby, and he has been in and out of the hospital,” recalled his mother, Christina Ortiz. “He would miss up to 18 days a year of school.” Added Ryan: “It was really hard. I would miss so many things because I couldn’t control my asthma. I struggled so much from something I didn’t cause.”

“We have many, many patients like Ryan with severe asthma,” said Alfin G. Vicencio, MD, Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs and Strategy, and Division Chief for Pediatric Pulmonology at Kravis Children’s Hospital, who started treating Ryan in September 2018. “He has multiple triggers, and it’s hard to isolate one thing, so what is your recourse, stay inside a bubble?”

Ryan Diaz with Alfin G. Vicencio, MD

Dr. Vicencio is primarily treating Ryan with an injection of omalizumab, a monoclonal antibody, every two weeks. “This medication targets very specific molecules that are important in the asthma-inflammation cascade,” said Dr. Vicencio. The treatment acts to decrease the number of sudden episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, and trouble breathing in individuals whose symptoms are not controlled with inhaled steroids.

“Mount Sinai has a very active program for the diagnosis and treatment of children with severe asthma,” said Dr. Vicencio. “This includes some important research initiatives that are starting to identify new subtypes of asthma, some of which may be driven by unsuspected infections.”

Other components of the research program, he added, are starting to identify new genes in the airway that may contribute to severity. This is part of a collaborative project with Supinda Bunyavanich, MD, MPH, MPhil, Professor of Pediatrics, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, aimed at finding new therapeutic targets for patients with severe disease.

Following this protocol has allowed Ryan to keep active—except for when he was sidelined for two weeks in February with the flu and pneumonia. He is now able to resume his strenuous four-hour weekend football workouts and continue his participation in a dance and theater program.

Throughout it all, he has excelled in middle school, which has earned him an academic scholarship to Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York, a football powerhouse.

“I just love football,” said Ryan, whose father, Juan Diaz, a registrar in Mount Sinai’s Institute for Advanced Medicine, played football for George Washington High School in New York City and has been a coach for the Harlem Jets since 2013. “It is a bond,” said Ryan.

Mr. Burrow is now certainly part of this bond, too. “It was really inspiring to speak with someone of that caliber,” said Ryan. “We talked about football, staying in school, and doing your best. One thing that made me proud—he signed my football jersey, and I gave him a signed Ryan Diaz #74 Harlem Jets hat, which he wore for the entire event.”

As for the football that Mr. Burrow signed, Ryan said he no longer has it. “We decided to give it to Dr. Vicencio because he has done so much for me. He let me lead a normal life. He really likes football, and I felt he really deserved that,” said Ryan. “I felt very, very touched,” said Dr. Vicencio. “I told Ryan that when he is in the National Football League, I will ask for one of these signed by him.”

From Afar, a Diagnosis, and Then Help for Baby Noor

August 2, 2019: Gregory M. Levitin, MD, with baby Noor Nunez, and her mother, Rania Al-Mutairi; father, Joe Nunez; and brother Omar Nunez, 10 days after the July 23, 2019, surgery.

It first appeared as a small rash a few weeks after Noor Nunez was born in 2018 in Kuwait, where she lives with her three older siblings, her Saudi mother, Rania Al-Mutairi, and American father, Joe Nunez. The red mark on her skin, however, was not a rash, but a bright red hemangioma, a benign tumor caused by an abnormal cluster of small blood vessels on or under the surface of the skin. As it grew, it looked as though baby Noor had a small tomato in the middle of her face—located right between her eyes.

Doctors in Kuwait, however, didn’t seem to know how to treat it. They told her parents that it was superficial, and they prescribed topical creams, assuring them it would go away. When it kept growing in size and thickness—and people had started pointing and staring at Noor—her father, a contractor based in Kuwait with the U.S. Army, became determined to find treatment, even if it meant leaving the country.

When Noor was about 5 months old, and as the hemangioma continued to grow, Mr. Nunez started to research treatment options online. “I knew we had to do something to correct this, or it would affect her for the rest of her life,” he says. “I started contacting centers specializing in vascular birthmarks all over the world, but few doctors responded.” However, when he sent an email to Gregory M. Levitin, MD, Director of the Vascular Birthmark and Malformations Program at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Dr. Levitin replied immediately.

January 2019: Baby Noor, left, with the growing hemangioma. November 2019: Four months after surgery: the hemangioma will continue to shrink and fade.

After reviewing the photos that Mr. Nunez had sent, Dr. Levitin knew he could help Noor. In late July 2019, around the time of Noor’s first birthday, the Nunez family traveled to New York Eye and Ear for surgery. Dr. Levitin, who is also Senior Faculty in Ear, Nose and Throat (Otolaryngology)–Head and Neck Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, is a nationally recognized expert in the diagnosis and management of hemangiomas and vascular birthmarks.

Hemangiomas typically begin to appear one to three weeks after birth and often fade with time. However in Noor’s case, the hemangioma was so large and deep that it blocked almost half of her eye’s visual field and distorted the bridge of her nose. It was so deep that 90 percent of it was below the surface of the skin. Due to its location and size, it was one of the most challenging hemangioma cases Dr. Levitin says he has ever encountered.

“It was highly vascular, so there was concern about excessive bleeding, and it was in the middle of her face near her eyes, so we had to find the precise place to make an incision in order to debulk the tumor without leaving her disfigured,” recalls Dr. Levitin. “In the end, we placed the incision within the shadow line between her eyebrow and her eye—then, millimeter by millimeter, we carefully removed each feeding blood vessel in a three-hour surgery during which she lost no more than three teaspoons of blood.”

Due to the complexity of the case, the hemangioma could not be removed in its entirety without risking complications or skin grafts, but Dr. Levitin was still able to remove more than 80 percent of the tumor, leaving Noor’s eyes and eyebrows symmetrical, restoring her nose, and significantly improving her appearance. The family regularly shares updates with Dr. Levitin on the hemangioma as it continues to shrink and fade; however, Noor will likely return to New York Eye and Ear this year for two laser treatments to reduce the redness and improve the texture of the hemangioma. According to Dr. Levitin, “In two or three years—maybe less—she will appear almost normal.”

Dr. Levitin fully understands how the family was willing to do everything they could for Noor. “I became passionate about this specialty when one of my twin daughters was born with a disfiguring hemangioma,” he says. “As a head and neck surgeon, and as a parent, I knew I could give other patients the medical expertise and the attentive care they need during a difficult time. I feel like my patients are part of my extended family.”

Beyond the successful surgery, Mr. Nunez says his family was additionally impressed with the caring staff at New York Eye and Ear. “My wife was floored by the treatment Noor got,” says Mr. Nunez. “Watching how the nurses and staff treat patients and their families, it was beautiful to see,” he says.

Bringing Art Experiences to Oncology Patients

Robin Glazer, Director of The Creative Center at University Settlement, back row, center, helped celebrate the artists, who included, front row, from left: Regina Scudellari-Ponemon, Barbara Polinsky, Cibele Vieira, and Desi Minchillo; and back row, from left: Marika Hahn, Sascha Mallon, Helen Dennis, and Nikki Schiro.

During an appreciation luncheon held on Wednesday, November 13, Mount Sinai Health System leadership, along with faculty and staff, celebrated nine talented artists who work at Mount Sinai through The Creative Center at University Settlement’s Hospital Artist-in-Residence Program providing art experiences to oncology patients and their caregivers as they receive treatment.

The event included vivid and inspiring stories about care and compassion, and the powerful impact art has on enhancing the patient and staff experience. The lunch, held in the Annenberg Center for Innovation and Discovery, was hosted by Sinai Spotlight, a Health System employee recognition and appreciation program sponsored by the Division of Talent Development & Learning, in partnership with the Mount Sinai Health System Office of Development.

The artists work in various locations throughout the Health System—both bedside and at outpatient units—helping patients, and even their visitors, to momentarily turn a traumatic, frightening, or overwhelming experience into one of joy, life, and positivity through art.

Artist Sascha Mallon, who has participated in the program for nine years, meets with inpatients at the bone marrow transplantation center and outpatients at The Mount Sinai Hospital. Ms. Mallon says she first determines their eagerness to participate, and then, their preferences.

“They make macramé and jewelry. They sculpt and paint. I find out what is exciting for them,” says Ms. Mallon. “I don’t see the illness—the doctors and nurses do. I see the healthy part of the patient, the strong part, the happy part.”

Grateful Patient Acknowledges Neurosurgical Team

The team involved in the treatment and care of patient Jeannie Gaffigan included, from left: Colleen Geary, OTR/L, Rehabilitation Specialist in Occupational Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance; Jeffrey T. Gilligan, MD, Neurosurgery Resident (PGY-5); Neha S. Dangayach, MD, MSCR; Robert J. Rothrock, MD, Chief Neurosurgery Resident (PGY-6); Leslie C. Schlachter, PA-C; Joshua B. Bederson, MD; Kurt A. Yaeger, MD, Neurosurgery Resident (PGY-5); Johanna T. Fifi, MD, Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Radiology, and Associate Director, Cerebrovascular Center; Joseph Waugh, NP, Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit; and Holly E. Oemke, Program Manager, Neurosurgery Simulation Core.

In 2017, Jeannie Gaffigan, a popular director, producer, and comedy writer, urgently needed to consult with a neurosurgeon. An MRI had revealed that the seemingly harmless symptoms that she had been experiencing, and ignoring for at least a year—including headaches, dizzy spells, and loss of hearing in one ear—were the result of a massive, life-threatening brain tumor, pushing against her brainstem. Ms. Gaffigan, the mother of five children with her husband, comedian Jim Gaffigan, feared she was going to die.

Joshua B. Bederson, MD, Professor and Chair of Neurosurgery for the Mount Sinai Health System, reassured her that he could perform complex surgery and safely remove the tumor. In a 10-hour operation, Dr. Bederson and his team—relying on years of experience combined with advanced augmented reality technologies—were able to precisely see the brain’s delicate structures, allowing Dr. Bederson to systematically separate each of the nerves and myriad blood vessels from the 6-cm pear-shaped choroid plexus papilloma, a rare type of slow-growing benign tumor.

Now, in a book that was released this month, When Life Gives You Pears, Ms. Gaffigan recounts—with characteristic humor—her extraordinary medical journey at Mount Sinai, acknowledging those who provided her with expert and compassionate care.

Jeannie Gaffigan

“There are many people involved with a patient’s neurosurgical care beyond the surgeon,” says Dr. Bederson. “In Jeannie’s case, she was helped not only by me and my immediate team, but also by neuroendovascular surgeons, neurocritical care staff, pulmonologists, otolaryngologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, and others.”

Leslie C. Schlachter, PA-C, the Department of Neurosurgery’s Chief Physician Assistant and Clinical Director, played a significant role in guiding Ms. Gaffigan through the surgical process and coordinating care across specialties. “Our relationship continues to this day with intermittent text messages where I assure her that she is on the road to an excellent recovery,” says Ms. Schlachter.

After surgery, Ms. Gaffigan spent a period of time in The Mount Sinai Hospital’s Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit (NSICU), and she later required more hospitalization and a prolonged period of rehabilitation.

Says Neha S. Dangayach, MD, MSCR, Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, and Neurology, and Co-Director of the NSICU, “Because Jeannie’s surgery was very complex, she required extensive neurocritical care to help her embark on the perfect trajectory for a successful recovery.” Dr. Dangayach adds, “I commend Jeannie for being a great team player, for her sense of humor, and exceptional patience with us. I also commend our team of neurointensivists, fellows, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, specialty-trained nurses, and rehabilitation specialists for providing her exceptional care throughout her weeks-long stay.”

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