Eighteen years after the September 11 attacks, Mount Sinai Health System researchers have found a higher incidence of prostate cancer among the World Trade Center (WTC) first responders than other populations, suggesting that chronic inflammation can facilitate the development of prostate cancer.
Emanuela Taioli, MD, PhD; and William Oh, MD
The most recent findings, published in June in Molecular Cancer Research, were led by Emanuela Taioli, MD, PhD, Director of the Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Associate Director for Population Science at The Tisch Cancer Institute; and William Oh, MD, Chief of the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Deputy Director of The Tisch Cancer Institute.
“Our research supports the first line of evidence that acute World Trade Center dust exposure through inhalation can profoundly disturb gene expression and immune cell infiltration in the prostate,” says Dr. Taioli.
While working at Ground Zero, the first responders did not wear protective gear and were exposed to dust particles composed of volatile organic compounds from jet fuel, as well as asbestos, benzene, silica, glass fibers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxins from the collapsed buildings. Given the fine particulate nature of the WTC dust, the researchers hypothesize that the toxins entered the blood through the lungs and eventually reached the prostate and other distal organs.
“The results of this study support our hypothesis that exposure to the dust at the World Trade Center caused chronic changes in the body,” says Dr. Oh. “The long-lasting inflammatory effect in the prostate revealed in our study calls for further investigation as to the effect of this exposure in other organs, such as the kidney or thyroid, or the central nervous system.”
In 2018, Dr. Taioli led a study published in the European Journal of Cancer Prevention, which reported that responders who spent more time working at Ground Zero and had a higher exposure to the dust cloud that formed after the WTC buildings collapsed, had more advanced stages of prostate cancer—stages III and IV—representing tumor invasion. Interestingly, the 2018 study found that at the beginning of their service at the WTC, the responders were mostly nonsmokers of diverse ethnic backgrounds who were considerably healthier than the general population and at lower risk for cancer.
According to the recent 2019 report, approximately 20 percent of human cancers are thought to be caused by chronic infection or inflammatory states, and chronically unresolved inflammation is related to increased risk of malignant disease. When tested in the laboratory, the toxic dust was shown to induce the secretion of cytokines— small proteins involved in modulating responses to inflammation infection, cancer, and trauma.
Mount Sinai runs the largest World Trade Center Health Program Clinical Center of Excellence in the New York metropolitan region, with 25,000 patients who have consented to participate in research. A biobank of more than 600 cancer samples from first responders has helped lay the groundwork for Mount Sinai’s WTC research findings.
Dr. Taioli says the latest research raises additional questions about whether air pollution, in general, causes an inflammatory response in people. “This work has larger implications for the population exposed to environmental particulates, such as emissions from motor vehicles, industrial processes, power generation, and the household combustion of solid fuel,” she says. “Inflammation could be the common pathway driving an increase in cancer occurrence.”